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ningkeqing

木虫 (正式写手)

[交流] Nature Contents 5 October 2006 (pp481-604)

[自然要览]

(选自英国Nature杂志,2006年10月5日出版)


封面故事:环保运动中的心理问题和政治问题

本期封面所示为 一群带着头套和面罩的抗议者,其中一些声称是“地球解放阵
线”的支持者,他们于2002年2月在美国俄勒冈州的波特兰举行游行。在本期的
“新闻特写”栏目中,我们提出这样一个问题:极端环保人士何以拒绝科学而采
用暴力的、反科学的方法?在联邦调查局(FBI)一次重要行动之后,我们对这
场运动的心理问题和政治问题进行了分析。(News Feature p. 498)封面照
片:Don Ryan/美联社


机器人胡须的作用(Staying in touch)
Biomechanics: Robotic whiskers used to sense features
很多陆地和海洋哺乳动物利用胡须来感知周围环境。用人造胡须阵列所做的一个
实验表明,用胡须来感知环境这种方法的效果可能比以前所预测的更好。通过将
一根胡须根部弯曲的时刻考虑进去,可以生成胡须所处环境的三维图像,可以获
得关于物体形状和流体流速的精确信息。胡须甚至可能被证明是机器人必须具有
的导航辅助装置。(Brief Communications p. 525)


模拟研究和实验研究之间的相互促进(Ever-increasing circles)
From in vivo to in silico biology and back
系统生物学是对形成一个活细胞的很多相互作用的过程进行数学模拟的学科,随
着来自基因组测序、基因组学和蛋白组学研究项目的大量数据的出现,该学科愈
显重要。现在,系统生物学家获得的信息绕了一圈之后,又回过头来被用于新实
验的设计。Di Ventura等人对活体研究和模拟研究之间数据的双向利用进行了分
析,他们得出结论认为,我们现在还不能期待完全了解活细胞,但将模拟方法与
实验方法结合起来正在使我们接近这个目标。(Review Article p. 527)


探测太阳系外行星的新方法(Planets in the limelight)
Transiting extrasolar planetary candidates in the Galactic bulge
迄今所发现的200颗左右的太阳系外行星,是以由引力拉动在其主恒星中所诱导
产生的“颤动”或多普勒偏移的形式被探测到的。但近来,以探测由一个行星侧
影不断在我们与主恒星之间经过引起的变暗现象为依据的经纬测量方法,在探测
新行星方面越来越成功。用哈勃太空望远镜对银河系鼓出部分方向上180000颗恒
星进行的一次普查,发现了另外16颗候选行星,轨道周期在0.4天至4.2 天之
间。其中5颗具有不到1天的超短轨道周期,它们构成一组新的“超短周期木
星”。这些行星只在不到0.9个太阳质量的恒星周围出现,说明它们要么从未在
更高质量的恒星周围形成过,要么它们的确形成过、但却被毁灭了。(Article
p. 534)


在多倍体细胞中发生突变会产生致命危害的基因(What makes polyploidy
bad?)
Genome-wide genetic analysis of polyploidy in yeast
多倍体是细胞中染色体数量多于正常情况的一种现象,在自然界很常见,出现在
演化、发育、细胞压力、以及癌症等疾病状态的过程中。然而,我们对伴随多倍
体的生理变化却很不了解。现在,对酵母所进行的一次整个基因组范围内的筛选
工作,识别出了在多倍体细胞中、而不是在野生型细胞中发生突变时会引起致命
性的基因。很多癌细胞会表现出多倍性,说明以这些基因为目标也许是抗癌的一
个有效策略。(Article p. 541)


Subtilase细胞毒素产生毒性的机制(A powerful toxin in action)
AB5 subtilase cytotoxin inactivates the endoplasmic reticulum
chaperone BiP
Subtilase细胞毒素是 1998年首次从澳大利亚南部产生志贺毒素的大肠杆菌
(STEC)的一个恶性菌种中分离出来的,此后又在STEC的其他几个菌种中被发现。
STEC是一种人类病原体,能引起威胁生命的肠胃病。现在,研究人员已经确定了
Subtilase细胞毒素产生极端毒性的机制:它能引起重要内质网伴护分子BiP的单
点解理。该发现之所以引人注目,是因为,影响内质网压力响应的伴护功能的缺
陷现在被发现与细胞衰老、以及包括白内障、帕金森氏综合症和阿尔茨海默氏综
合症等机能退化症状密切相关。该毒素能够快速地、专一地破坏BiP功能,因此
它为我们提供了一个细胞生物学新工具,使研究人员能够对这些疾病发病机理中
的关键事件进行体外模拟。(Article p. 548; N&V)


太阳耀斑中高能电子的能量来源(Solar electrons have a ball)
Electron acceleration from contracting magnetic islands during
reconnection
太阳耀斑中长期存在的“数字”问题,是在耀斑发生期间所测到的很多高能电子
与在标准磁重接模型中所产生的数量相对较少的这些粒子之间的偏差。为什么所
释放的磁能量如此高效地转移给了电子?这个问题对于了解为什么日冕很热非常
重要。日冕是产生高能宇宙电子的部位,也被用来度量高能粒子对地球上的卫星
和通信网络的威胁。现在,Drake等人发现,电子是通过从随着磁重接进展而形
成的收缩的“磁岛”两端反射而获得动能的。该机制与一个在两面收缩的墙之间
弹跳的球的能量增加是相似的,后者随着每次弹跳而获得能量。(Letter p.
553)


不同性质物体之间的量子远程传送(Teleportation: mix and match)
Quantum teleportation between light and matter
量子远程传送指的是一个量子态的隐形传送,以前曾在同一类型的物体之间、比
如说在光脉冲之间或被束缚的离子(物质粒子)之间发现过。现在,Sherson等
人演示了两种不同性质的物体之间的远程传送,即编码在一个光脉冲中的一个量
子态被远程传送到了一个包含1012个(即1万亿个)铯原子的一个原子复合体
上。 该实验除了对物理学家有根本性的意义外,还可以算作是朝着量子网络的
实际应用迈出的一小步。(Letter p. 557, N&V)


地幔物质是否能返回地表?(Mantle recycling — of a sort)
Lithium isotope evidence for subduction-enriched mantle in the source
of mid-ocean-ridge basalts
板块构造过程不断将物质从地球表面返回其内部。地球物理学家的一个主要目标
是,看地球内的对流是否允许组成如此不同的物质返回到地球表面。对上层地幔
中锂元素的变化所做的一项新的研究,为化学组成截然不同的一些海底岩浆中这
种“循环的”物质的存在提供了可靠证据,而这种海底岩浆能够反映地球内部的
对流。 然而,它们所记录的“循环的”物质并不像以前所预测的那样是来自一
个以前的构造板块,所以板块本身的命运仍然不清楚。(Letter p. 565; N&V)



抗辐射球菌抗辐射的机制(A bacterial Humpty Dumpty)
Reassembly of shattered chromosomes in Deinococcus radiodurans
抗辐射球菌(Deinococcus radiodurans)是上个世纪50年代从罐头肉中分离出
来的,这些罐头肉尽管用高剂量辐射杀了菌,却仍然变质了。即便辐射引起的
DNA损坏会使其基因组彻底破碎,该细菌也能从辐照中恢复过来。它是怎样实现
这种“壮举”的呢?科学家了解到,该细菌携带其几个版本的基因组,并且具有
快速、有效的DNA修复机制。现在,一项新的研究表明,首先,有互补序列区域
的DNA片断会彼此找到对方,由一种DNA聚合酶引发一个合成过程,在DNA片断上
形成长的单链;然后,互补单链尾部配对,再生成长链DNA分子,后者被处理成
原始的环状基因组。(Letter p. 569; N&V)


1918年流感疫情的基因根源(The 1918 pandemic)
Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses
induced by 1918 influenza virus
1918年的流感病毒的一个重建模型的获得意味着,现在有可能研究主体对感染的
反应了,并且可以将这种信息用于寻找公共卫生措施、以及用在新型抗病毒药物
的开发上。 对小鼠所做的一项研究表明,含有来自该病毒流行种的所有8个基因
的病毒所引发的感染和细胞死亡反应要比含有这些基因子集的病毒大得多。这种
极端的主体反应,也许是与1918年的流感疫情相联系的严重免疫病理问题的根
源。(Letter p. 578)


疟原虫利用细胞内环境的变化吸收营养(The unusual channels)
Sodium-dependent uptake of inorganic phosphate by the intracellular
malaria parasite
科学家已经知道,疟原虫能够诱导或激发其寄主红细胞膜中的新颖通道,因此,
Na+会进入红细胞的细胞液中,使其成为一个高Na+ 含量的环境。新的研究工作
表明,疟原虫会利用其寄主细胞的细胞液中Na+浓度升高的条件来激发对一种重
要营养成分的吸收,这种重要营养成分就是无机磷酸盐。该过程所涉及的与Na+
耦合的运输蛋白已经被识别出来并被定性。(Letter p. 582)


细胞周期及调控机制的演化(Time for change)
Co-evolution of transcriptional and post-translational cell-cycle
regulation
在细胞周期中,数以百计的基因被定期转录。该过程中所涉及的蛋白复合物对所
有真核细胞基本上都是相同的,但对来自人类、酵母和植物的大型微阵列数据集
所做的比较表明,在细胞周期中的正确时刻组装同一分子机器有很多不同方法。
转录和后转录控制是一前一后形成的,从演化上来说变化的速度之快是惊人的,
只有约1亿年左右。这意味着,即使在脊椎动物内,调控系统也可以有相当大的
差别。(Letter p. 594; N&V)
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ningkeqing

木虫 (正式写手)

----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Microbiology: Death of a chaperone
To help their growth and spread, bacteria rely on virulence factors,
many of which are toxic. One such factor is highly potent, as it
attacks a key protein that 'chaperones' other proteins through their
synthesis.
Cesare Montecucco and Maurizio Molinari
10.1038/443511a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/full/443511a.html

Atomic physics: Quantum leap from light to atoms Quantum-information
networks use matter for long-term storage and light for long-distance
transmission. Teleporting a quantum state from light onto matter has
now been achieved.
Mikhail Lukin and Matthew Eisaman
10.1038/443512a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/full/443512a.html

Cell cycle: Complex evolution
Cell division is fundamental to life, and so might be expected to have
changed little during evolution. Data from four species show that the
genes involved can vary, but the regulation of complexes is a common
theme.
Gavin Sherlock
10.1038/443513a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/full/443513a.html

50 & 100 years ago
10.1038/443513b
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/full/443513b.html

Earth Science: Lost lithium found
Lithium isotopes provide a fingerprint of recycled material in Earth's
upper mantle. But this fingerprint is different from what had been
expected. So do we need to reassess our ideas about how the upper
mantle evolves?
Elisabeth Widom
10.1038/443516a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/full/443516a.html

Nanotechnology: Downsizing SQUIDs
Jessica Thomas
10.1038/443517a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/full/443517a.html

Microbiology: Resurrecting a broken genome A remarkable bacterium can
survive extraordinary doses of ionizing radiation that shatter its
genome into thousands of pieces. How does it accurately reassemble
these DNA fragments into an intact genome?
Susan T. Lovett
10.1038/443517b
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/full/443517b.html

Correction
10.1038/443519a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/full/443519a.html

----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS FEATURE
----------------------
Genetics: Junk DNA as an evolutionary force Transposable elements were
long dismissed as useless, but they are emerging as major players in
evolution. Their interactions with the genome and the environment
affect how genes are translated into physical traits.
Christian Biemont and Cristina Vieira
10.1038/443521a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/full/443521a.html

----------------------
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS
----------------------
Biomechanics: Robotic whiskers used to sense features Joseph H.
Solomon and Mitra J. Hartmann 10.1038/443525a
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/abs/443525a.
html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/full/443525a.
html

BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS ARISING
Gluconeogenesis: Re-evaluating the FOXO1-PGC-1α connection Marcia M.
Schilling et al.
10.1038/nature05288
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05288.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05288.html

----------------------
REVIEW
----------------------
From in vivo to in silico biology and back Barbara Di Ventura,
Caroline Lemerle, Konstantinos Michalodimitrakis and Luis Serrano
10.1038/nature05127
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05127.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05127.html

----------------------
ARTICLES
----------------------
Transiting extrasolar planetary candidates in the Galactic bulge A
planetary transit search carried out in a rich stellar field towards
the Galactic bulge discovered 16 candidates with orbital periods
between 0.4 and 4.2 days, five of which orbit stars of masses with
0.44-0.75 times that of the Sun.
Kailash C. Sahu et al.
10.1038/nature05158
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05158.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05158.html

Genome-wide genetic analysis of polyploidy in yeast A set of genes
that cause lethality when mutated in polyploid cells, but not when
mutated in wild-type cells, are involved in cell cycle processes, such
as homologous recombination and kinetochore attachment to the spindle.
As many cancer cells exhibit polyploidy, targeting these genes may be
an effective strategy to fight cancer.
Zuzana Storchova et al.
10.1038/nature05178
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05178.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05178.html

AB5 subtilase cytotoxin inactivates the endoplasmic reticulum
chaperone BiP Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli can cause
gastrointestinal disease in humans, with potentially life-threatening
consequences. This paper elucidates the mechanism of the
bacteria-induced host cell death; a protein crucially involved in
endoplasmic reticulum function is specifically targeted and
inactivated by the toxin's protease subunit.
Adrienne W. Paton et al.
10.1038/nature05124
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05124.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05124.html

----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
Electron acceleration from contracting magnetic islands during
reconnection Electrons gain kinetic energy by reflecting from the ends
of the contracting 'magnetic islands' that form as reconnection
proceeds. The repetitive interaction of electrons with many islands
allows large numbers to be efficiently accelerated to high energy.
J. F. Drake, M. Swisdak, H. Che and M. A. Shay
10.1038/nature05116
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05116.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05116.html

Quantum teleportation between light and matter Quantum teleportation
has been previously demonstrated between objects of the same nature,
such as light pulses or material particles. But this paper
demonstrates teleportation between objects of a different
nature: a quantum state encoded in a light pulse is teleported onto an
atomic ensemble containing 1012 caesium atoms.
Jacob F. Sherson et al.
10.1038/nature05136
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05136.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05136.html

Rapid subtropical North Atlantic salinity oscillations across
Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles Matthew W. Schmidt, Maryline J. Vautravers
and Howard J. Spero
10.1038/nature05121
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05121.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05121.html

Lithium isotope evidence for subduction-enriched mantle in the source
of mid-ocean-ridge basalts Tim Elliott, Alex Thomas, Alistair
Jeffcoate and Yaoling Niu
10.1038/nature05144
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05144.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05144.html

Reassembly of shattered chromosomes in Deinococcus radiodurans
Deinococcus radiodurans is able to withstand high doses of radiation,
despite the DNA damage caused. Genome fragments with regions of
complementary sequence meet and initiate synthesis by a DNA polymerase
to form long single-stranded ends on the fragments. The complementary
single-strand tails then pair and regenerate long double-stranded DNA
molecules that are processed into the original circular genome.
Ksenija Zahradka et al.
10.1038/nature05160
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05160.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05160.html

Functional epistasis on a common MHC haplotype associated with
multiple sclerosis Jon W. Gregersen et al.
10.1038/nature05133
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05133.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05133.html

Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses
induced by 1918 influenza virus John C. Kash et al.
10.1038/nature05181
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05181.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05181.html

Sodium-dependent uptake of inorganic phosphate by the intracellular
malaria parasite Malaria parasites trigger an increase in
intracellular sodium concentration when infecting red blood cells.
This effect provides a direct benefit to the parasite, as it uses the
resulting gradient to energize the uptake of phosphate.
Kevin J. Saliba et al.
10.1038/nature05149
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05149.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05149.html

Identification of a mammalian mitochondrial porphyrin transporter The
transport of porphyrins across the mitochondrial membrane is important
for cellular processes. The ABC transporter Abcb6 (an energy-requiring
transporter) plays a key role not only in mitochondrial porphyrin
transport but also in the upregulation of haeme biosynthesis.
Partha C. Krishnamurthy et al.
10.1038/nature05125
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05125.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05125.html

Molecular architecture and assembly of the DDB1-CUL4A ubiquitin ligase
machinery Stephane Angers et al.
10.1038/nature05175
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05175.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05175.html

Co-evolution of transcriptional and post-translational cell-cycle
regulation Lars Juhl Jensen et al.
10.1038/nature05186
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05186.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05186.html
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