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The immune response induced by hepatitis B virus principal antigens
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Cell Mol Immunol. 2006 Apr;3(2):97-106. The immune response induced by hepatitis B virus principal antigens. Huang CF, Lin SS, Ho YC, Chen FL, Yang CC. Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection occurs primarily in hepatocytes in the liver with release of infectious virions and non-infectious empty surface antigen particles into the bloodstream. HBV replication is non-cytopathic. Transient infections run a course of several months, and chronic infections are often life-long. Chronic infections can lead to liver failure with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is generally accepted that neutralizing anti-HBs antibodies plays a key role in recovery from HBV infection by containing the spread of infection in the infected host and facilitating the removal and destruction of viral particles. However, the immune response initiated by the T-cell response to viral antigens is also important for viral clearance and disease pathogenesis in HBV infection. The three structural forms of the viral proteins, the HBsAg, the particulate HBcAg, and the nonparticulate HBeAg, may preferentially elicit different Th cell subsets. The different IgG subclass profiles of anti-HBs, anti-HBc, and anti-HBe in different HBV infection status were revealed. Moreover, the different IgG subclass profiles in chronic carriers did not change with different ALT and AST levels and may reflect the difference between stimulating antigens, immune response, and the stages of viral disease and provide the basis for the use of vaccines and prophylactic treatments for individuals at high risk of human HBV infection. This review elucidates the detailed understanding of the immune responses induced during transient and persistent infection, and the development of immunotherapy and immunodiagnosis in patients with HBV infection, and possible means of reducing the liver damage. 乙肝病毒主要抗原诱导的免疫应答 乙肝病毒的感染主要发生在肝细胞内，并不断向血循环中释放有感染性的病毒颗粒和无感染性的表明抗原颗粒。乙肝病毒复制不引起细胞病变。急性感染病程仅数月，慢性感染通常持续终生，慢性感染可导致肝硬化合并肝功能衰竭和肝癌。通常认为表面抗体在乙肝病毒感染恢复中起重要作用，它能限制宿主体内感染的传播，促进病毒颗粒的清除和破坏。然而由T细胞对病毒抗原应答开始的免疫反应在乙肝病毒感染后的发病和病毒清除中也起到了非常重要的作用。3种不同结构的病毒蛋白质：HbsAg、颗粒型的HbcAg和非颗粒型的HbeAg可以诱导不同的Th细胞亚群。不同的HBV感染状态下出现抗HBs、抗HBc和抗HBe的不同IgG亚型，而且不同IgG亚型在慢性携带者中并不根据不同的ALT和AST水平而变化，这反应了刺激性抗原、免疫应答和疾病阶段的不同，提供了对高危乙肝病毒感染的个体采用疫苗和预防性治疗的基础。这篇综述详细阐明了乙肝病人短期和持续感染的免疫应答、免疫治疗和免疫诊断的发展以及减轻肝脏损伤的可能方法。 |
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