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ningkeqing

木虫 (正式写手)

[交流] Nature Contents 21 September 2006 (Vol. 443 pp245-370 )

自然要览]

(选自英国Nature杂志,2006年9月21日出版)


封面故事:330万年前的南方古猿
A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia / Geological
and palaeontological context of a Pliocene juvenile hominin at Dikika,
Ethiopia
使人之所以为人的很多东西都在于我们的孩童时期。对于更新世灵长动物(人类
被认为是由它们进化来的)的早期发育我们几乎一无所知。随着一个幼年南方古
猿距今330万年的部分骨架在埃塞俄比亚Dikika地区的发现,这种情况将会改
变。这是一个被认为3岁大的雌性个体的头骨,它表明,即使在幼年个体身上,
该物种(著名的“露西”部分骨架也属于这个种)大多数诊断特征也都有了。该
骨架的其余部分(包括一只脚和一个肩膀)表明,该动物的脚大部分时间是放在
地面上的。但其在很像大猩猩的肩胛骨和长而弯曲的趾骨,将会重新引发关于树
栖生活对于南方古猿及其祖先重要性的争论。(Article p. 296; Letter p.
332; N&V)


画家Elsheimer何以掌握了天文知识?(WAY TO GO)
Science in Culture
Adam Elsheimer生于法兰克福,但其很多重要画作是在17世纪初期的罗马创作
的。他以能够巧妙利用光效应的小尺度作品著称。他的《飞进埃及》尤其是一件
精品。在该作品中,光效应是银河。该作品是在伽利略发表他用望远镜所进行的
天文观测结果(该结果将银河系分解成了构成它的恒星)之前一年创作的,其准
确性令人惊异。Martin Kemp对Elsheimer何以能够做到这一点进行了思考。
(Books and Arts p. 276)


大脑中与幻觉产生相关的区域(Body double)
Induction of an illusory shadow person
当觉得某个人在附近而又没有人在附近的那种奇怪的感觉,健康人和神经病患者
都曾有过。研究人员从一位癫痫病患者身上已经获得了触发这种幻觉的线索,该
患者不断幻想到一个人,这个人会像影子一样密切影响到她身体位置和姿势的变
化。这种幻觉的提示,是左颞顶交汇点上一个区域的刺激,这说明身体中和大脑
这一部分自身中的多感觉处理过程可能受到了干扰。(Brief Communication p.
287)


肥胖的根源和减肥的困惑(The roots of obesity)
Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight
肥胖的流行,将人们的注意力集中在了控制食物摄取和体重的中枢神经系统的性
质上。当身体中脂肪储存减少时,人们寻找食物的动机和食量都会增加(后者的
增加是通过对饱度的感觉来进行的),直到能量存储得到补充,而影响这一神经
过程的突变在动物模型和人身上都会引起严重肥胖。理论上,以leptin、
ghrelin和其他相关配体的神经受体为作用目标的药物有用作减肥药物的可能
性,但人们所希望的治疗上的突破尚未出现。Morton等人对该领域的最新研究工
作进行了评述,让我们注意到了正常和异常能量平衡之间的微妙差别。(Review
Article p. 289)


一种H/ACA box核蛋白的结构已被确定(RNA modification)
Crystal structure of an H/ACA box ribonucleoprotein particle
一些RNA因特定核苷变成假尿苷而被改变。这个过程是由被称为H/ACA box核蛋白
的特殊RNA-蛋白复合物调控的,后者也参与核糖体RNA处理,并且是脊椎动物端
粒酶的一个成分。现在,来自超耐温的古细菌Pyrococcus furiosus的一个完整
的H/ACA box核蛋白的结构已被确定。该结构由四个蛋白和一个发卡RNA构成,它
表明每个蛋白都有一个功能,并且反映了引导发卡RNA是怎样被定位、并与其在
RNA基质上的目标序列配对的。这些发现对于“先天性角化不良”
(dyskeratosis congenita)的研究可能有参考价值。这是一种罕见的遗传疾
病,由端粒酶复合物中的缺陷造成。(Article p. 302)


风中的蜡烛:不合规则的超新星(Candle in the wind)
The type Ia supernova SNLS-03D3bb from a super-Chandrasekhar-mass
white dwarf star
Ia类超新星被认为是可靠的距离指示器,天文学家正是通过它们来探测宇宙加速
膨胀的,也是通过它们知道暗能量可能存在。它们作为距离标准的所谓的可靠性
来自这样一个事实:它们拥有标准数量的燃料和一个统一的触发器。天文学家预
测,当白矮星的质量接近1.4个太阳质量的“Chandrasekhar质量”时,它们就会
爆炸。现在,Howell等人发现,高红移超新星SNLS-03D3bb不遵守这些规则:它
极高的亮度和低动能都意味着,它有一个具有超级Chandrasekhar质量的祖先。
所以今后,宇宙研究在计算距离时可能需要考虑来自这种事件的“污染”的可能
性。(Letter p. 308; N&V)


用于超精度光谱测量的“超级原子”(FOR GOOD MEASURE)
'Designer atoms' for quantum metrology
量子测量法利用量子来获得关于一个物理系统的性质的精确测量结果。利用纠缠
态可提高信噪比,而Roos等人却以一种新方式来利用这样的状态。他们用两个纠
缠在一起的Ca+离子做成了一个“超级原子”,利用它来对四极矩进行超精度光
谱测量,这是对频率标准应用来说很重要的一个量。像这种“设计出的原子”,
将使精确光谱方法适用于以前不适合用该方法进行测量的很多原子。(Letter
p. 316)


一种新合成的锗插合物(Vacant possession)
A guest-free germanium clathrate
这是你以前从未看到过的锗元素。这种新合成的另类锗是一种低密度空(无客
体)框架结构,或称插合物。它是利用一种新颖的、用于合成间金属化合物的合
成路径制备出的,以一种离子溶液作为反应介质。人们之所以对这样的框架结构
感兴趣,是因为它们有用作制造光电子装置的材料的潜力。(Letter p. 320)


为什么“大西洋厄尔尼诺”难以预测?(El Ni?o: oceans apart)
The cause of the fragile relationship between the Pacific El Ni?o and
the Atlantic Ni?o
“大西洋厄尔尼诺”是一种气候模式,与发生在热带东太平洋表层海水中的厄尔
尼诺温度波动相似。“大西洋厄尔尼诺”被认为对大西洋气候有重要影响,很可
能是由更有名的“太平洋厄尔尼诺”驱动的,但我们目前对其进行预测的能力是
有限的。由于“太平洋厄尔尼诺”可用当前的耦合气候模型提前一、两个季度预
测出来,这更加让人感到困惑。一项新的研究表明,预测“大西洋厄尔尼诺”的
困难在于这样一个事实:赤道大西洋中局部海洋-大气相互作用,会破坏性地干
扰来自“太平洋厄尔尼诺”的远程影响。这为耦合气候模型提出一个更加苛刻的
要求:它们不仅需要模拟两个竞争的过程,而且需要预测其相对强度和破坏性干
扰作用。(Letter p. 324)


格陵兰冰层中冰减少速度加快(GRACE notes)
Acceleration of Greenland ice mass loss in spring 2004
利用来自“引力恢复和气候实验”(GRACE)卫星的引力场的波动对格陵兰冰层
所做的一次新的普查,显示该冰层的冰减少速度明显加快。在2004年5月至2006
年4月间,相对于前两年,冰减少速度加快了两倍以上。这种加速主要发生在该
冰层的南部。这些发现与对GRACE数据的一次独立分析的结果是一致的,与最近
认为该冰层对气候波动的响应比以前所想的更快的观点也是一致的。(Letter
p. 329; N&V)


血管原细胞的存在有了证据(Haemangioblast at last)
A common progenitor for haematopoietic and endothelial lineages in the
zebrafish gastrula
血管原细胞是血液和内皮细胞的一种生物势前体,几乎100年前就被假设存在
了,但其存在一直缺乏正式的证据。现在,Vogelli等人提供了证明它存在的活
体证据。斑马鱼胚胎的高分辨率、单细胞系研究表明,血管原细胞存在于早期鱼
类胚胎中。他们还发现了该类细胞的一些特征,如它们在腹侧中胚层中的位置、
以及血液和由该类细胞形成的内皮细胞的比例等。(Letter p. 337)


没有阳光的日光浴(Protection via sunless tan)
Topical drug rescue strategy and skin protection based on the role of
Mc1r in UV-induced tanning
皮肤白的人患皮肤癌的风险更大,经常会有一个比较弱的晒太阳反应。D’
Orazio等人开发出一个关于皮肤白皙程度的、用遗传学方法定义的小鼠模型,其
依据是Mc1r基因(为melanocortin-1受体编码),该基因表现在皮肤白皙的人身
上。这些小鼠身上由紫外线诱导的色素沉积(皮肤颜色变深的过程),被发现涉
及刺激荷尔蒙的黑素细胞表达为角化细胞。由模仿这种增强的melanocortin-1受
体信号作用的一种小分子的局部施用所诱导的“无阳光肤色变深”,能刺激色素
沉积,从而保护肤色浅的小鼠不会发生DNA损坏和形成癌症。(Letter p. 340)


PD-1功能与T-细胞功能的关系也存在于人体(HIV and immunity)
PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell
exhaustion and disease progression
阻断被称为PD-1 (programmed death 1)的一种蛋白,也许能提供一种促进被HIV
感染破坏的T-细胞免疫功能的方法。今年早些时候发表的一项研究表明,阻断被
病毒感染的小鼠的PD-1功能,可恢复耗尽的T-细胞的功能,帮助抵抗感染。现
在,该现象被发现也出现在人身上。感染HIV病毒的患者体内的T-细胞,被发现
其表面上的PD-1受体要比正常情况下多很多。PD-1的产生程度,与包括T-细胞失
活程度和体内病毒水平在内的病情发展指标相关。在实验室进行的实验中,一种
阻断该受体的抗体能促进针对HIV的免疫响应,说明一个类似的策略也许也能抵
抗人体疾病。(Letter p. 350; N&V)
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ningkeqing

木虫 (正式写手)

----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Climate change: Greenland's ice on the scales Satellite measurements
of changes in Earth's gravity field reveal ice loss from Greenland's
ice sheet. Over the past four years, this melt has contributed to
global sea-level rise at an accelerating rate.
Tavi Murray
10.1038/443277a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7109/full/443277a.html

Palaeoanthropology: A precious little bundle The three-million-year
old skeleton of a three-year-old child provides an outstanding
resource to understand the development of a human ancestor that seems
to have both walked upright and climbed through trees.
Bernard Wood
10.1038/443278a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7109/full/443278a.html

50 & 100 years ago
10.1038/443279a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7109/full/443279a.html

Mathematical physics: Search research
How does one best search for non-replenishable targets at unknown
positions? An optimized search strategy could be applied to situations
as diverse as animal foraging and time-sensitive rescue missions.
Michael F. Shlesinger
10.1038/443281a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7109/full/443281a.html

HIV: Tired T cells turn around
HIV-1 prompts a massive cellular immune response, but eventually it
tires the immune cells. Blocking the activation of a cell receptor
called PD-1 might restore these exhausted cells.
Sarah Rowland-Jones and Tao Dong
10.1038/443282a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7109/full/443282a.html

Astronomy: Champagne supernova
Thermonuclear supernovae were thought to occur only when white-dwarf
stars of a certain mass explode. The discovery of a supernova that is
way over the mass limit might require a reworking of the model.
David Branch
10.1038/443283a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7109/full/443283a.html

Stem cells: A new route to rejuvenation
Embryonic stem cells are prized for their ability to mature into all
the specialized adult cell types. It may now be possible to
reprogramme adult body cells to have the characteristics of stem
cells.
M. Azim Surani and Anne McLaren
10.1038/443284a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7109/full/443284a.html

Chemical biology: A sweet exchange
Many drugs isolated from microorganisms have complex molecular
structures, making it difficult for chemists to modify them. But it
seems that enzymes can provide a short cut to drug variants.
Christopher T. Walsh
10.1038/443285a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7109/full/443285a.html

----------------------
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS
----------------------
Induction of an illusory shadow person
Shahar Arzy et al.
10.1038/443287a
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7109/abs/443287a.
html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7109/full/443287a.
html

BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS ARISING
Gene therapy: Is IL2RG oncogenic in T-cell development?
Karin Pike-Overzet et al.
10.1038/nature05218
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05218.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05218.html

Gene therapy: X-SCID transgene leukaemogenicity Adrian J. Thrasher et
al.
10.1038/nature05219
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05219.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05219.html

Gene therapy: Is IL2RG oncogenic in T-cell development?: X-SCID
transgene leukaemogenicity (reply) Niels-Bjarne Woods et al.
10.1038/nature05220
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05220.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05220.html

----------------------
REVIEW
----------------------
Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight G. J.
Morton et al.
10.1038/nature05026
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05026.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05026.html

----------------------
ARTICLES
----------------------
A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia Zeresenay
Alemseged et al.
10.1038/nature05047
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05047.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05047.html

Crystal structure of an H/ACA box ribonucleoprotein particle Ling Li
and Keqiong Ye
10.1038/nature05151
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05151.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05151.html

----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
The type Ia supernova SNLS-03D3bb from a super-Chandrasekhar-mass
white dwarf star The high-redshift supernova SNLS-03D3bb has an
exceptionally high luminosity and low kinetic energy, which both imply
a super-Chandrasekhar mass progenitor.
D. Andrew Howell et al.
10.1038/nature05103
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05103.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05103.html

Spontaneous symmetry breaking in a quenched ferromagnetic spinor
Bose-Einstein condensate This paper reports the observation of quantum
phase transition to a ferromagnetic state in a gaseous spinor
Bose-Einstein condensate. The formation of ferromagnetic domains and
domain walls is observed, and spin vortices (containing non-zero spin
current but no net mass
current) detected in situ.
L. E. Sadler et al.
10.1038/nature05094
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05094.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05094.html

'Designer atoms' for quantum metrology
In quantum metrology, entangled states can be used to improve the
signal-to-noise ratio. The use of a specially designed, entangled
state of two Ca+ ions achieves an ultra-precise spectroscopic
measurement of the electric quadrupole moment.
C. F. Roos et al.
10.1038/nature05101
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05101.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05101.html

A guest-free germanium clathrate
The structural, chemical and physical characterization of a
low-density, empty germanium framework structure, or clathrate,
synthesized using a new route exploiting an ionic liquid as a reaction
medium is described.
Arnold M. Guloy et al.
10.1038/nature05145
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05145.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05145.html

The cause of the fragile relationship between the Pacific El Nino and
the Atlantic Nino Ping Chang et al.
10.1038/nature05053
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05053.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05053.html

Acceleration of Greenland ice mass loss in spring 2004 Isabella
Velicogna and John Wahr
10.1038/nature05168
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05168.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05168.html

Geological and palaeontological context of a Pliocene juvenile hominin
at Dikika, Ethiopia Jonathan G. Wynn et al.
10.1038/nature05048
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05048.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05048.html

A common progenitor for haematopoietic and endothelial lineages in the
zebrafish gastrula In vivo evidence details the existence of the
haemangioblast: a bipotential precursor of both blood and endothelial
cells that has been hypothesized to exist for almost 100 years, but
for which formal proof has so far been lacking.
Kevin M. Vogeli, Suk-Won Jin, Gail R. Martin and Didier Y. R. Stainier
10.1038/nature05045
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05045.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05045.html

Topical drug rescue strategy and skin protection based on the role of
Mc1r in UV-induced tanning A small molecule that mimics enhanced
melanocortin 1 receptor signalling in response to ultraviolet light
can stimulate pigmentation and thereby protect mice with light skin
from DNA damage and cancer formation.
John A. D'Orazio et al.
10.1038/nature05098
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05098.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05098.html

Calcineurin/NFAT signalling regulates pancreatic β-cell growth and
function Jeremy J. Heit et al.
10.1038/nature05097
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05097.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05097.html

PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell
exhaustion and disease progression Cheryl L. Day et al.
10.1038/nature05115
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05115.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05115.html

Stoichiometry and turnover in single, functioning membrane protein
complexes The dynamic exchange of motor proteins in a functioning
45-nm rotary complex was observed in vivo and GFP-MotB stator proteins
visualized in individual bacterial flagellar motors. Fluorescence
recovery after photobleaching reveals that the ~22 MotB motor proteins
exchange rapidly with a pool of free protein while the motor is
actively rotating.
Mark C. Leake et al.
10.1038/nature05135
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05135.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05135.html

Prevalence of off-target effects in Drosophila RNA interference
screens The use of long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in Drosophila,
where Dicer-mediated processing produces small RNAs inside cells, has
been thought to reduce the probability of 'off-target effects' (OTEs).
However, this study shows that OTEs mediated by short homology
stretches within long dsRNAs are prevalent in Drosophila.
Yong Ma, Adrian Creanga, Lawrence Lum and Philip A. Beachy
10.1038/nature05179
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature05179.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature05179.html
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