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Solar cell Device Physics
Stephen Ponash
Contents
1        Introduction
1.1 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 1
1.2 Solar Cells and Solar Energy Conversion 2
1.3 Solar Cell Applications 7
References 8
2£®Material Properties and Device Physics Basic to Photovoltaics
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Material Properties 10
2.2.1 Structure of solids 10
2.2.2 Phonon spectra of solids 13
2.2.3 Electron energy levels in solids 18
2.2.4 Optical phenomena in solids 28
2.2.5 Carrier recombination and trapping 36
2.2.6 Photocarrier generation 45
2.3 Transport 46
2.3.1 Transport processes in bulk solids 46
2.3.2 Transport processes at interfaces 53
2.3.3 Continuity concept 58
2.3.4 Electrostatics 60
2.4 The Mathematical System 60
2.5 Origins of Photovoltaic Action 63
References 64
3£®Structures, Materials and Scale
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Basic Structures for Photovoltaic Action 69
3.2.1 General comments on band diagrams 69
3.2.2 Photovoltaic action arising from built-in electrostatic fields 73
3.2.3 Photovoltaic action arising from diffusion 83
3.2.4 Photovoltaic action arising from effective fields 85
3.2.5 Summary of practical structures 92
3.3 Key Materials 95
3.3.1 Absorber materials 95
3.3.2 Contact materials 102
3.4 Length Scale Effects for Materials and Structures 107
3.4.1 The role of scale in absorption and collection 107
3.4.2 Using the nano-scale to capture lost energy 115
3.4.3 The role of scale in light management 116
References 117
4. Homojunction Solar Cells
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 Overview of Homojunction Solar Cell Device Physics 124
4.2.1 Transport 124
4.2.2 The homojunction barrier region 131
4.3 Analysis of Homojunction Device Physics: Numerical Approach 132
4.3.1 Basic p¨Cn homojunction 133
4.3.2 Addition of a front HT-EBL 141
4.3.3 Addition of a front HT-EBL and back ET-HBL 145
4.3.4 Addition of a front high-low junction 149
4.3.5 A p¨Ci¨Cn cell with a front HT-EBL and back ET-HBL 154
4.3.6 A p¨Ci¨Cn cell using a poor «°«· absorber 155
4.4 Analysis of Homojunction Device Physics: Analytical Approach 166
4.4.1 Basic p¨Cn homojunction 167
4.5 Some Homojunction Configurations 179
References 181
5. Semiconductor-semiconductor Heterojunction Cells
5.1 Introduction 183
5.2 Overview of Heterojunction Solar Cell Device Physics 189
5.2.1 Transport 189
5.2.2 The heterojunction barrier region 193
5.3 Analysis of Heterojunction Device Physics: Numerical Approach 202
5.3.1 Absorption by free electron¨Chole pair excitations 203
5.3.2 Absorption by exciton generation 237
5.4 Analysis of Heterojunction Device Physics: Analytical Approach 247
5.4.1 Absorption by free electron¨Chole excitations 247
5.4.2 Absorption by excitons 258
5.5 Some Heterojunction Configurations 259
References 261
6. Surface-barrier Solar Cells
6.1 Introduction 263
6.2 Overview of Surface-barrier Solar Cell Device Physics 268
6.2.1 Transport 268
6.2.2 The surface-barrier region 271
6.3 Analysis of Surface-barrier Device Physics: Numerical Approach 273
6.4 Analysis of Surface-barrier Device Physics: Analytical Approach 283
6.5 Some Surface-barrier Configurations 291
References 293
7. Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
7.1 Introduction 295
7.2 Overview of Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Device Physics 297
7.2.1 Transport 297
7.2.2 The dye-sensitized solar cell barrier region 300
7.3 Analysis of DSSC Device Physics: Numerical Approach 301
7.4 Some DSSC configurations 307
References 308


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