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[交流] ISSUE考前总结（hummer原创，转载请注明出自小木虫）

244.
例子：1Confucius（孔子） is regarded as a great thinker in China, but today few people including scholars pay much attention to what he actually said.
2.John Dewey was one of the greatest thinkers in American history,
3.. In ancient Greece, the great thinker Socrates（苏格拉底） was sentenced to death.
观点话：great thinks are often not appreciated high one reason is that their advanced ideas can't be accepted by contemporary pesons.
The authority repressed their theories since they commonly undermined the power's interest.
243a person who is more emotional, or who has heightened aesthetic (美学的)sensibilities, will tend to agree with the speaker. on the other hand ,a person who is more analytical or cognitive (有认知能力的）by nature might tend to disagree. thus the speaker's claim seems an unfair generalization（普遍化）, which ignores its own vulnerability（易损性） to subjectivity（主观性）.
in sharp contrast（尖锐的对照）
例子例子:Admittedly(公然的), advances in the health sciences serve to enhance our physical well being, our comfort, and our life span（寿命）. However, in a myriad（无数的） of other respects scientific accomplishments have diminished（减少） our quality of life. After all（毕竟）, it is through scientific accomplishment that chemicals in our food, water, and air increase the incidence and variety of cancers; That our very existence（存在） as a species is jeopardized（危害） by the threat of nuclear warfare（核战争）; And that greenhouse gases which deplete （耗尽）our ozone layer and heat the Earth threaten civilization itself.
242.1.不同意的例子：we are actually violating(违犯） the natural law of the fittest to survive. We keep inadaptable genes struggle to survive in the world, and the sequent（结果） is that the creature's ability to adapt to the surrounding is weakened. They might still remain alive under the protection of human beings, but they are actually dying. I would argue to protect the environment and maintain a reasonable species is better than trying to save every. we should not  make efforts in vain.2.同意的例子First, the ecological balance is very important to every species live on the earth, including human being. To keep the balance, we should try our best to save every plant and animal species which is in danger.the fittest survive is a law to determine which species is not fitable for the current conditions, we human beings should obey the law.
241.
.一个人伟大可以从多个方面来评价，但是最主要的是他/她对社会进步的贡献。
2.同时代的人看不到长期效应，因此他们的评价是短期性的。只有后来的人才能看到这个人的长远的影响力和经历时间考验的伟大。比如一个人开发了一片本来是作为农田的土地为商业区，短期内可能解决了农民的工作，促进了该地区的经济发展；但是若干年后它对环境和生态的影响是恶劣的。。。云云 3.不同时代的人所处环境（政治、宗教、文化。。。）也会有所变动，如果人们仍然可以对某个人做出伟大的评价，说明他/她的影响力是范围宽广的。因为他/她阐述的是真理，是不变的道理。4.不得不承认，同时代人的评价也能说明一定的问题。1.同意的例子：Every new idea need some time to let public understand. Many great artists and scientists' ideas did not easily recognize by general public. For example, scientist Newton is the founder of the Physics. Not many people knew the significances of his discovery of many great science phenomena until this century. As the technology progresses, his ideas have tested by many young generation scientists. As result, people understand Newton's idea fully by education. Right now, everybody knows that Newton is the greatest scientist ever in the history. (可以与第244题目一起用）2.反对的说法：an individual's greatness may be judged objectively if he or her contemporaries could make a comprehensive investigation and study about he or her background.
240
1. negative feedback can help the author of the work to recognize the deficencies of it and prevent him/her from arrogance（傲慢自大）, but hash criticism will also destruct（破坏） the confidence of the author
2. over-estimate （评价过高）and flattery （谄媚）will certainly be of no good to one, but sincere admiration（诚实的赞赏） can encourage people
3. no matter criticism or appreciation（赏识）, the most important thing is to be sincere and objective
239.
should not indiscriminativly （不区别的）treat all things with a stiff（强直的，呆板的） attitude. 1. Tracing further the history, more possible cases would agree with the speaker' s claim. 2. however, factual things, even if they are not really factual, also played undoubtedly important role in improvement of human' s knowledge. mistrust（疑惑） to all things is not a useful and beneficial way to learn knowledge. on one hand, human knowlege are all based on the achievements of our forbears and experience comes form history and today's discovery and invention also add up to the crest of this pyramid of knowledge. without the basement of myriad principles and laws we can handly make any progresses. on the other hand, "fact" are still useful for us to carry on our works nowadays even they will be proved wrong in the future.例子：Einstein can not elicit his Theory of Relativism if he haven't know Newtown's cannon mechanics.also he might even act as a normal individual if he had not been educated about these "facts". since all education based on facts and experience（这个例子可以同时用在243和241）

238.
A society where conformity is the norm（标准） must be lacking in creativity and vitality（活力）.
A. Conformity tends to stifle（抑止） curiosity and experiment, blocking the way to discovery and invention.
B. Rebellion（反抗） against established practices and authorities（权利） is the secret of success in academic as well as professional fields.
C. However, it is necessary to conform to just laws and the long-tested moral codes, without which a society might become a plate of sands or a jungle.
237
The speaker exaggerates（夸大） the power of the computers and video technology in academic research. A. Undoubtedly, the new technology can make paintings and historical documents available to more people, thus contributing to academic research. B. However, not anyone can conduct in-depth research once research sources are available. C. Besides, the facsimile made by the new technology-no matter how accurate （正确的）they are-can never replace the original works.例子：For an example, the experts were able to explore a painting or the histiric events when they wre allowed to have a chance to access a original painting or the documents,therefore they have the chance to get a closer and in-detailed aspect to that painting or histric events.However, for the majority of individuls who have no any opportinity to access the originial stuff, it is impossible to make any discovery in any area.
236.Position: Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things do more good than harm to them. A. No one knows how much he or she can achieve before trying. B. Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things gives them confidence, which helps to bring out their potential. C. Some of them may finally get frustrated because not every one can accomplish great things; however, every one will make progress through doing their best.The potential of human beings is infinite,but we just don't how to enlight it.
235. As is the golden rule; Do unto others, as you would have others do unto you, loyalty is part of a universal ethos that we commonly refer to. Apart from its consequences, loyalty is clearly a virtue that all humans should strive to develop. A. Relationship between spouses（夫妻） and other exclusive pairs require some degree of trust in order to endure（持久）. Loyalty is part-and-parcel of that trust.
B. Employment relationships depend on some measure of mutual （相互的）loyalty, without which job attrition would run so rampant （猖獗的）that society's economic productivity（生产力） would virtually （事实上）come to a halt（停止）. C. With some mutual loyalty between a sovereign state（主权国） and its citizenry there can be no security（安定） or safety from either revolt（专制的） or invasion（入侵）. The society would quickly devolve into anarchy（无政府状态，混乱） or into a despotic（专制的） state ordered by brute force. （暴力）D. Admittedly, misguided or overextended（过分扩张） loyalty can amount to a divisive and even
destructive（毁坏的） force.
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214.P179
213
A. One should has his own opinions, which may different from others.Students should stick them until justifiable causes are presented.
B. When is proved to be wrong, one should accept others' assertions, which is named 'compromise', and collaborate with others.
212
.Is it justifiable to take any means, regardless whether they are noble or contemptible（卑鄙的）, to attain a goal if it is worthy? This is something of paradox（自相矛盾的） in our society. Numerous（很多的） people condemn （谴责）this doctrine（原则） and regard it as despicable（卑鄙的）, but when such a situation is put before them, they invariably（常常的） try all means to achieve their goals. And in my opinion, it is reasonable to do so in the case that such means are carried out in the boundary of the law. a) The reasons why we humans are capable of constructing our highly complex society as well as achieve a great number of accomplishments are largely due to our aspirations （志趣抱负渴望）and determinations of fulfilling our goals no matter how arduous （费力的）they are and how hard we should try. During such processes, our forefathers took any means if they are fruitful. b) Admittedly, we should delineate special laws to define which kinds of means are accepted in the society legally （法律上）and which kinds are forbidden due to their pernicious effects on the socialdevelopment.
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234.
A. Freedom is precondition(先决条件） of any democratic （民主的）society, and the desire for（渴望） freedom spring from our fundamental（基本的） nature as human beings. History informs us that any attempt to quell （压制）basic individual freedom- of expression, of opinion and belief, and to come and go as we please- invariably（一定不变的） fails. B. Reasonable constraints （约束）on freedom are needed to protect and preserve that freedom. Some self-imposed（自愿承担的） rules and regulations are needed to keep the freedom. C. Without constraints and rules, we could not keep the democratic way of living, we would live in continual fear for our physical safety, the security（安定） of our property, and our personal reputation （名誉）and dignity（尊严）
233.
Technological innovations together with new teacher methods can improve the quality of education enrich students' life. A. Technological innovations offer more advanced teaching equipment, which can make teaching more efficient and more effective. B. New technology can make the learning experience more interesting and more fruitfu（多产的）l. C. The possibility of students being distracted（分心） from learning by new teaching equipment should not be used as an excuse to prevent teachers and students from benefiting from technological progress.
232.
例子：
Fully engaged in the outside world,we can accelerate the development of education.Education not only should develop the academic ability but also the practical ability of the educated.So,not like said above,the educated should be encourge to get involved with the outside.The advantage is obvious in such aspects like leading to better and comprehensive understand of what is taught.Soppused a student who is separated from the society,many problems pertaining to characters would occur:shy,relutance and difficulty in communication with others ,difficulty in cooperation.Further more,the day will unavoidably come when the student should step into the society.It is a inalienable duty of education to prepare the children for the society.
231
Should we strive for（竭力争取所欲得的物品） moderation in all things, as the adage（格言） suggests? My point of view is that moderation has undeniable（不可否认的） virtues in general circumstances（环境状况）; however, worthwhile endeavors （努力）sometimes require intense focus at the expense of moderation. 例子A. Lack of moderation leads to a life out of balance. Psychologists and medical practitioners （医生从业者）have known all along: we are at out best as humans only when we strike a proper （适当的）balance between the mind, body, and spirit. The call for a balanced life is essentially （本质上）a call for moderation in all things. Example: Stress associated with a high-pressure job increased one's vulnerability（易损性） to heart disease and other disorders（病症）, thereby （从而）jeopardizing（危害） one's job and career. B. However, under some circumstances, and for some people, abandoning moderation might be well justified（有理的）. Creative （有创造力的）work necessarily involves a large measure of intense focus- a single-minded（一心一意的）, obsessive （强迫性的）pursuit（追逐） of perfection.
230.
例子Colleges and universities nowadays often deposit （储存）pressures more obviously（明显的） on their students rather than to give their choices. For many kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer（匹敌） pressure, and self-induced pressure, it is easy to look around for victims（受害人） who have little choices. What should possibly be done primely （最初的）is to release college pressures and to open students' mind, but not to eliminate as many as choices as possilbe.
229.Position: To learn a new subject, one should start by developing a sense of the whole rather than focusing on segments or details. A. A sense of the whole subject enables us to identify the specific areas where we can make original contributions. B. A sense of the whole subject provides necessary background knowledge for any in-depth exploration（探查） into particular areas of that subject. C. Studying small segments or details in great depth would in turn contribute to （促成）our understanding of the whole subject.例子：For example, if a biologist is about to conduct a dissection （解剖）on an animal, he should first get the knowledge about which kind of animal it is, the likely structure of it and so on. Later when he conduct the experiment, he will know and remember more clearly about the structure of that animal, rather than aimlessly （漫无目的地）moving his scalpel （解剖刀）here and there without knowing anything about the animal. In this sense, to get a whole sense of a subject is not contradict （反驳）to the studying of small segments or details, but rather informative and complementary （补充）for one to get a more wide and deep knowledge.
228.
Sharp, insulting（侮辱的） and open criticism usually arouses （唤醒）animosity（仇恨） and confrontation（对立对抗）, which will eventually （最后）block the communication process. Admittedly（公然的）, unconditionally （无条件的）ignoring people's negative actions is a sign of irresponsibility（无责任）, which will turn out counterproductive（使达不到预期目标的）例子
.let us consider the case of an employee working in a software firm. Most of the software firms have an employee assessment（评价） at the end of each year. The important goal of these assessments is to find the strong points and weak points in an employee based on his performance over that period of time. If the higher management only wants to praise their employees for their success and ignores their failures, it would only be detrimental（有害的） for the overall growth of the company.In the same way, based on the performance（绩效）, the company might take some measures to lay off （解雇）people in the bottom 10 percent or 5 percent. Following such a balance in both encouraging the star performers and getting rid of （免除，去掉）those who are not productive will foster（培养） the growth of a company in general.
227.
It seems self-contradictory（自相矛盾的） to require academic leaders to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions.
A. There is no doubt that academic leaders should be independent thinkers.
B. However, an academic leader in any field is supposed to represent an established paradigm （范例示范）in that field. C. What might also be important is the academic leader's ability to organize the scholars of his/her field to promote academic development.
226.P116
225.
insisting on finding similarities between things can often result in unfair, and sometimes harmful comparisons. 1) by focusing on similarities among all big cities, we overlook the distinctive （有特色的）character, architecture（建筑）, ethical diversity（民族的多样性）, and culture of each one.
2) Without evaluating（评估） an individual company on its own merits （优点）and performance （性能，成绩）before buying stock（原料） of the company, only because this company is in a prosperous （成功的）industry, the investor（投资者） risk of（冒。。。的危险） choosing a poor performer
3) Education ; 4) Racial discrimination:（种族歧视） each individual should be evaluated on the basis of his or her own merits（优点）.On the other hand, looking for similarities between things is the only way that humans can truly learn something and communicate with one another- Developmental （进化）psychologists（心理学家） agree that we come to understand each new thing we encounter（遇见） by comparing it to something with which we are already familiar. For example, if a child encounters a blue ball, the child recognizes as blue only by way of its similarity to the sky. Furthermore, without this association （联想）and a label（标记） for the concept of blue the child cannot possibly convey （传输）the concept to another person. Thus looking for similarities between things is how we make sense of our world, as well as communicate with one another.
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224.
Censorship can contribute to(促成） the interests of the public. A. It is true that government officials often use censorship to protect their vested interests（特权阶级，既得利益）. B. What is also true is that the mass media（大众传媒） tend to abuse their freedom of expression in order to maximize（扩大到最大限度） their commercial interests（商品利益）. C. Government is responsible for（为。。。负责） preventing（保护） its people from potential harmful effects of the mass media.
223.
A. It is difficult to understand that education directly benefits the individual receivers of education. B. Furthermore, the education of an individual concerns the interests of the whole society. C. With the dramatic （引人注目的）increase in knowledge today, it is impossible to educate oneself without the involvement of school or college.例子：. Admittedly, there were many famous figures who learned mainly by themselves, taking Thomas Edison for example.  However, many great scientists and scholars received most of their knowledge from educational locales: school, college, and university. And up to the present, school education is a yet efficient way to cultivate individual' s intelligence. To younger and to more fundamental, It would exhibits more importance and necessity.
222.
1:Most students study just for passing the course which will make them lose interests in study . 2; prevent people from learning freely and imagining,a serious problem for the development of knowledge. 3;Many eminent （杰出的）persons hardly learn for learning's sake . 4:The system of education should have some change.
221.
Although the basic human nature has not changed over recorded history, there are marked differences between people of different time periods, and studying history carries other equally important benefits as well. A. On the one hand, we learn that basic human nature-our desires （欲望）and motives（动机）, as well as our fears and other basic characteristics-has remained constant over recorded time. Through this realization（认识）, we can benefit as a society in dealing more effectively with our enduring （持久的）social problems. B. It is equally beneficial to understand and appreciate significant differences between peoples of different time periods- in terms of cultural mores（风俗）, custom, values, and ideals. 例子a) the ways in which societies have treated women, ethnic minorities（少数民族）, animals, and the environment have continually evolved over the course of human history.
b) Society's attitudes toward artistic expression（艺术表达）, literature, and scientific and intellectual inquiry（调查） are also in continual state of evolution.（进化） C. Another problem with this statement is that it undervalue other（低估。。价值）, equally important benefits of studying history.

220.
例子 A. The dramatic increase in knowledge today has made it impossible for any one to keep pace with the latest development in all academic fields.
B. As a result, specialists in different areas tend to focus only on their own area of study. C. Schools should aim at cultivating not only specialists but also generalists.反面例子：in the increase in knowledge appeal for both specialization of one field and interaction（交互作用） between different disciplines. 1. today no one could ever master the overall knowledge in every field completely and exhaustively as our ancestors do. 2. development of the knowledge and technique have made the interaction of different disciplines: eg. by applying mathematics to biology we get bio-mathematics, the discovery of structure DNA lead to an innovation （革新）in medicine. Physics involves with the aviation（航空）.
219
A. No one would doubt that computer technology has led us into an age of information, putting us on an unprecedented advantageous position（空前的方便位置） to access and use the boundless sea of information. B. And there is no denying （否认）the possibility that we suffer from a new problem-information overload. C. However, we should be clear that the task of human beings today is not to compete with computer technology in terms of the quantity of information we can produce. D. We should and we can make full use of the large amounts of information available electronically for research purposes and make original contributions.
218
例子：Artists are lonely. Many artists were not understood nor accepted until many years after their death. Von. Gogh is an excellent example.
Modern art is another example of the fact that art might have merit without being understandable. The strokes（笔画） and colors might appeal to people but most people do not understand the meaning. There is another reason for the modern art to get merit. It might be understood by some famous artists and bought by extremely rich people. This increases its value and hence grants merit to it. It might find a place in a museum and be accessible to people but still the fact remains that it is not understandable to more people.
217
A. No one can produce any original work without first assimilating（吸收） the contributions of former generations in his or her field. B. The defects of the work of other scholars and scientists are where we can possibly make our contributions. C. In a large sense, what is called "original" work is usually but an improvement on the work done by previous scholars and scientists.However, learning from the others what they have achieve is not all that can produce successful original work. The scholars and scientists must not be bounded by the traditional ideas or the others' ideas. the creative （有创造力的）ideas are nessicory for the scholars and scientists to succeed. The scholars and scientists should have the new creative ideas beyond the others' thinking .
216
Such as the invention of light bulb, Edison found the best material served as filament through thousands of experiments failures. But it's said that Edison made a dream one night that the best filament appeared suddenly in front of him, so we can have brightness now and all should owe to Edison's dream, an accidental thing. How absurd it is! Inevitability（无法逃避之事） includes many chances and chance has its inevitability.反面观点:
It's not always true that finding hints of other problems by chances when seeking the answer of the very problem. When we are seeking the answer to a problem, we should concentrate on primary aspects of the problem mainly but not secondary aspects of the problem or other problems. Primary aspects define and determine the appearance of the problem and all chances are produced in these primary aspects and have the inevitable characters. We cannot know about a man wholly only through others' opinions about him but face-to-face with him. So we should discard that unreasonable idea mentioned by speaker.
215
个人的理解，电视里那些花里胡哨的东西，刺激的音乐都算。所以，这些东东都是以刺激感官为主。而感官的兴奋都是不长久的，长久的东西，必须经过理性的思维，这是需要静心冥想的。 如果举例，也许可以举的是巴洛克时代的艺术，精致，富丽；以及六朝的骈文，华丽无比，可是艺术价值非常的低。
反对：其实接受更多的信息才能使我们更全面地思考。而且可视信息更加丰富，有趣。而且在一段长时间里，很多原先被否定的作品反而经历了时间的考验而成为经典，比如凡·高的作品，生前是无人赏识的

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