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This is the most ancient method of distillation and the most versatile. This method requires the simplest setup and it is used extensively by smallholder producers of essential oils (Figure 2.4). The herb is loaded into a tub and
covered with enough water to ensure the plant material is suspended. This mixture is heated until it boils and the vapors rise from the tub and then condensed. Once the vapors are condensed the liquid mixture is poured in a separator where the oil andwater separate by density difference (Denny 1991). £¨Denny 1991£©The water sometimes is also used and is marketed as "floral waters" (also called hydrosol or sweet water) - such as rosewater, lavender water and orange water.Some disadvantages are the variability on the distillation rate due to the uncontrolled heat rate input; possible overheated and eventually the aromatic materials can get burned. Improved distillation control can be obtained by using steam from a separate boiler.A further disadvantage of this system is that it requires the heating of a large quantity of water and the associated energy demand adds to the costs and time needed for each distillation.
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