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Raman scattering was used to characterize the crystals. Room temperature Raman spectra for the as-grown and annealed wafer are shown in Fig. 3 a and Fig. 3 b, respectively. The spectra presented the typical bands corresponding to the normal vibration modes of XXX [22]. The maximum phonon energy of this crystal is 905 cm-1, which can be indexed to X-X stretching band. Linewidths (FWHM) for the line at 905 cm-1 of the as-grown and annealed wafers were fitted to be 8.2 and 6.8 cm-1, as shown in the insets of Fig. 3 a and Fig. 3 b, respectively. In the as-grown crystal, the dark brown color could be attributed to the partial reduction of X5+ ions, which are mainly source from the XX octahedron [17, 23]. It resulted in the change of the X-O stretching vibration, so that the band at 905 cm-1 broadened. The broadening of the Raman band at 905 cm-1 are mainly caused by the oxygen vacancies. After annealing, the oxidation state of Xions was in the same X+5 and X-O stretching vibration was more uniform, which resulted in a higher degree of order on the Nb and Mg sublattices [17]. Therefore, the color of the annealed crystal faded to light brownish and the linewideth at 905 cm-1 was narrowed. It indicates that the oxygen vacancies of the as-grown crystal can be eliminated by the annealing process in the oxygen atmosphere.
To determine the orientation of the as-grown XXX single crystal, XRD2 was conducted on the cross-section of the crystal (Fig. 4 a). It can be found that there is only one peak at 35.35¡ã which can be indexed to (0 0 2) plane. It means that the XXX crystal grows along the c-axis direction. The cleavage plane parallel to the growth direction was also tasted by XRD2, as shown in Fig 4b. There are two peaks at 38.11¡ã and 65.80¡ã, which can be indexed to (0 6 0) and (0 10 0) plan, respectively. The above results suggested that the grown sample is a single crystal of high perfection.
The macroscopic defects, such as low-angle grain boundaries and inclusions of the as-grown crystal, were also checked by polarized-light microscopy in transmission configuration. Fig. 1 c shows a photograph of the wafer (Fig. 1 b) under polarized-light. Neither inclusionin nor low angle-grain boundaries were observed on the wafer.

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Raman scattering was used to characterize the crystals. (at)Room temperature Raman spectra for the as-grown and annealed wafer (wre) shown in Fig. 3 a and Fig. 3 b, respectively. The spectra presented the typical bands corresponding to the normal vibration modes of XXX [22]. The maximum phonon energy of this crystal (was) 905 cm-1, which (could) be indexed to X-X stretching band. Linewidths (FWHM) for the line at 905 cm-1 of the as-grown and annealed wafers were fitted to be 8.2 and 6.8 cm-1, as shown in the insets of Fig. 3 a and Fig. 3 b, respectively. In the (grown) crystal, the dark brown color could be attributed to the partial reduction of X5+ ions, which (were) mainly (sourced) from the XX octahedron [17, 23]. It resulted in the change of the X-O stretching vibration, so that the band at 905 cm-1 broadened. The broadening of the Raman band at 905 cm-1 (were) mainly (due to) the oxygen vacancies. After annealing, the oxidation state of Xions was in the same X+5 and X-O stretching vibration was more uniform, which resulted in a higher degree of order on the Nb and Mg sublattices [17]. Therefore, the color of the annealed crystal faded to light brownish and the linewideth at 905 cm-1 was narrowed. It (indicated) that the oxygen vacancies of the as-grown crystal (could) be eliminated by the annealing process in the oxygen atmosphere.
To determine the orientation of the as-grown XXX single crystal, XRD2 was conducted on the cross-section of the crystal (Fig. 4 a). It (could) be found that there (was) only one peak at 35.35¡ã which (could) be indexed to (0 0 2) plane. It £¨meaned£© that the XXX crystal £¨growed£© along the c-axis direction. The cleavage plane parallel to the growth direction was also tasted by XRD2, as shown in Fig 4b. There £¨were£© two peaks at 38.11¡ã and 65.80¡ã, which £¨could) be indexed to (0 6 0) and (0 10 0) plan, respectively. The above results suggested that the grown sample (was) a single crystal of high perfection.
The macroscopic defects, such as low-angle grain boundaries and inclusions of the as-grown crystal, were also checked by polarized-light microscopy in transmission configuration. Fig. 1 c (showed) a photograph of the wafer (Fig. 1 b) under polarized-light. Neither inclusionin nor low angle-grain boundaries were observed on the wafer.
2Â¥2011-03-02 09:12:02
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ll921(½ð±Ò+20, ·­ÒëEPI+1): 2011-03-08 20:14:03
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Originally posted by °®ÓëÓêÏ at 2011-03-02 09:12:02:
Raman scattering was used to characterize the crystals. (at)Room temperature Raman spectra for the as-grown and annealed wafer (wre) shown in Fig. 3 a and Fig. 3 b, respectively. The spectra presen ...

Raman scattering was used to characterize the crystals. (At)room temperature Raman spectra for the as-grown and annealed wafer (were) shown in Fig. 3 a and Fig. 3 b,
3Â¥2011-03-06 12:23:41
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