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[资源] 【专题】一篇高分子合成的英文文献

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Introduction to Frontiers in Polymer Synthesis
One of the pioneers of the field of Polymer Science made
the following statement in the Preface to his book on the
history of polymers: “I found out quickly that there is no
substitute for reading eVery reference citedssecond-hand
citations are incredibly unreliable.”1 In spite of the fact that
I agree with this statement, in an interval of less than ten
years I accepted for the second time2 the invitation of Josef
Michl to edit a Thematic Issue of Chemical Reviews on
Polymer Synthesis. The first reason was that the Editors of
this journal and the members of their Editorial Board and
Editorial Office provide an example of dedication and
leadership for the other editors in the field of chemistry,
and therefore, it was impossible to turn them down. The
second reason is that some of the current electronic sources
of information are no more reliable than secondhand citations,
and therefore, I feel that comprehensive reviews written
by premier practitioners are needed more than ever before.
The third reason was that, at this time, the field of polymer
synthesis is already accepted as a traditional discipline of
chemistry and currently is assuming the leading role of
bridging between organic, organometallic, and supramolecular
chemistry, catalysis, biology, medicine, and nanotechnology.
Therefore, it is very important to read the most recent
developments at the Frontiers in Polymer Synthesis described
by the inventors of this interdisciplinary field. Since the
previous thematic issue was published,1 several landmark
discoveries produced by the field of polymer synthesis were
recognized as providers of unprecedented impacts in novel
functional materials through conducting organic polymers3
and in synthetic methods for organic, medicinal, polymer,
and supramolecular chemistry through metathesis reactions.4
These topics were extensively reviewed and will not be
discussed again in this thematic issue.
The ultimate goal of polymer synthesis is to design,
through a complementary and synergistic combination of
covalent and supramolecular methods, synthetic polymers
that approach the structural complexity and fidelity of
biological macromolecules. These synthetic polymers would
have to ultimately provide functions on demand with the aid
of their precise primary structure. While these synthetic
methods are in their early stages of development, traditional
but more efficient synthetic methods for polymer synthesis
continue to be elaborated. The goal of this Thematic Issue
is to highlight with a group of 27 reviews the most recent
advances in the development of new synthetic methods and
strategies of polymer synthesis and discuss their use in the
design of polymers with complex topology and architecture
and the self-assembly of complex systems.
The current state of the art in polymer synthesis relies on
living polymerization methods that were discovered for
carbanionic species in 1956.5a,b They were followed by living
polymerizations proceeding by carbocations,5c metathesis4
and free radicals.5d,e In the first four reviews, Sawamoto and
co-workers, Yamago, Rosen and Percec, and Satoh and
Kamigaito discuss advances in novel methodologies for
living radical polymerization of olefins, for the elaboration
of complex polymer topology and the control of tacticity.
Chen and Nozaki and co-workers review the developments
of coordination polymerization of polar vinyl monomers by
single-site metal catalysts. Aoshima and Kanaoka highlight
living cationic polymerization of functional monomers.
Kobayashi and Makino present the latest developments in
enzymatic polymerization, while Akagi discusses the synthesis
of helical polyacetylene by asymmetric polymerization
in a chiral liquid crystal field. The use of living radical
polymerization to develop various bioapplications, mostly
by RAFT, is reviewed by Davis, Perrier, and co-workers,
while Klok and co-workers discuss the synthesis of polymer
brushes by living radical polymerization. Hadjichristidis and
co-workers survey the living ring-opening polymerization
of N-carboxyanhydrides of R-aminoacids for the synthesis
of well-defined peptides, while Kricheldorf teaches us how
to synthesize biodegradable and biocompatible polymers by
ring-opening polymerization of various heterocyclic compounds.
One of the most recent developments in polymer
synthesis involves the transformation of step condensation
polymerization reactions6 into chain polymerization reactions
and their use in the generation of living condensation
polymerization. This topic is reviewed by Yokozawa and
Yokoyama.
Virgil Percec was born and educated in Romania (Ph.D. 1976). He
defected from his native country in 1981 and after short postdoctoral
appointments at the University of Freiberg, Germany, and the University
of Akron, U.S.A., he joined the Department of Macromolecular Science
at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland (1982) as an Assistant
Professor. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1984, to Professor
in 1986, and to Leonard Case Jr. Chair in 1993. In 1999 he moved to the
University of Pennsylvania as P. Roy Vagelos Professor of Chemistry.
Percec’s research interest lies at the interface between organic, bioorganic,
supramolecular, polymer chemistry, and liquid crystals, where he
contributed over 620 refereed publications, 50 patents, and over 1000
endowed and invited lectures. His list of awards includes Honorary Foreign
Member to the Romanian Academy (1993), Humboldt Award for Senior
American Scientists (1997), NSF Research Award for Creativity in
Research (1990, 1995, 2000), PTN Polymer Award from The Netherlands
(2002), the ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry (2004), the Staudinger-Durrer
Medal from ETH (2005), the International Award of the Society of Polymer
Science from Japan (2007), and the H. F. Mark Medal from the Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology (2008). He is a Fellow
of IUPAC (2001), PMSE Division of ACS (2003), AAAS (2004), and RSC
(2008). He holds Doctor Honoris Causa Degrees from the Polytechnic
University, Jassy, Romania, and from the University of Athens, Greece
(both from 2007). He is the editor of the Journal of Polymer Science,
Part A: Polymer Chemistry (since 1996) and of the book series Liquid
Crystals and serves on the Editorial Boards of 20 international journals.
Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 4961–4962 4961
10.1021/cr9003264 CCC: $71.50  2009 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 10/08/2009
Wooley, Hawker, and co-workers expand the click chemistry
concept of Sharpless,7a to a diversity of organic
reactions, and develop orthogonal polymer synthesis methods
based on new click reactions. For over one century, covalent
polymerization reactions were the main tool of polymer
synthesis. In the past 20 years, the merging of supramolecular
synthesis7b with covalent synthesis led to supramolecular
polymerization, a topic discussed mechanistically by Meijer
and co-workers. Chemists usually start reactions with heat,
light, or electricity. A far less common option is to use
mechanical stress.7c In their review, Moore and co-workers
demonstrate that stress not only triggers reactions in polymers
but can also direct their course and provide new functions.
Design of acetylenic polymers for various functions is
reviewed by Tang and co-workers, while Hsu and co-workers
review the synthesis of conjugated polymers for organic solar
cell applications.
Combinations of synthetic methods were used for the
synthesis of polymers with complex topologies such as for
the case of hyperbranched polymers discussed by Voit and
Lederer, rotaxanes discussed by Harada and co-workers, and
polycatenanes discussed by Niu and Gibson. Even more
complex topologies and architectures are highlighted by Li
and Aida in a review on dendrimer porphyrins and phthalocyanines.
Complex polysaccharide derivatives, widely used
in chromatographic separation of enantiomers, are discussed
by Ikai and Okamoto, while Yashima and co-workers review
the synthesis, structure, and functions of helical polymers.
Biohybrid complex polymer capsules and their design,
synthesis, and fascinating applications are reviewed by van
Hest and co-workers. A comprehensive review by Percec
and co-workers on dendron-mediated self-assembly, disassembly,
and self-organization of complex systems brings the
field of polymer synthesis close to the complexity, precision,
and functions of biological systems. At this time, the
combination of covalent and supramolecular synthesis is
approaching the size, precision, and complexity of biological
macromolecules. Progress in this field requires the development
of efficient iterative methods,7d novel nonstatistical7e,f
synthetic methods, analytical and structural analysis methods,
and novel strategies to discovery and prediction,7g as well
as the transplant and adaptation of structural analysis methods
from structural biology to synthetic systems.
Finally, I would like to express my greatest appreciation
for the cooperation on this thematic issue to all contributing
authors and reviewers and to the Editorial Office of Chemical
ReViews.
Virgil Percec
University of Pennsylvania
1. References
(1) Morawetz, H. Polymers. The Origins and Growth of a Science; Wiley:
New York, 1985.
(2) Percec, V. Chem. ReV. 2001, 101, 3579.
(3) (a) Shirakawa, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2574. (b)
MacDiarmid, A. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2581. (c) Heeger,
A. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2591.
(4) (a) Chauvin, Y. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 3741. (b) Schrock,
R. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 3748. (c) Grubbs, R. H. Angew.
Chem., Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 3760.
(5) (a) Szwarc, M. Nature 1956, 178, 1168. (b) Szwarc, M. J. Polym. Sci.,
Part A: Polym. Chem. 1998, 36, ix. (c) Kennedy, J. P. J. Polym. Sci.,
Part A: Polym. Chem. 1999, 37, 2285. (d) Otsu, T. J. Polym. Sci., Part
A: Polym. Chem. 2000, 38, 2121. (e) Solomon, D. H. J. Polym. Sci.,
Part A: Polym. Chem. 2005, 43, 5748.
(6) Carothers, W. H. Chem. ReV. 1931, 8, 353.
(7) (a) Kolb, H. C.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.
2001, 40, 2004. (b) Lehn, J. M. Polym. Int. 2002, 51, 825. (c) Rosen,
B. M.; Percec, V. Nature 2007, 446, 381. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Frechet,
J. M. J. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2002, 40, 2719. (e)
Krejchi, M. T.; Atkins, E. D. T.; Waddon, A. J.; Fournier, M. J.; Mason,
T. L.; Tirrell, D. A. Science 1994, 265, 1427. (f) Wu, X.; Schultz, P. G.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 12497. (g) Percec, V. Nature 2003, 424,
135.
CR9003264
4962 Chemical Reviews, 2009, Vol. 109, No. 11 Editorial

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