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ningkeqing

木虫 (正式写手)

[交流] Nature Contents 22 June 2006 (Vol. 441 pp907-1026)

[自然要览]

(选自英国Nature杂志,2006年6月22日出版)


封面故事:治疗失聪的希望
Mammalian cochlear supporting cells can divide and trans-differentiate into
hair cells
人类失聪是由名为Corti的器官中起传感作用的毛细胞的损失造成的。在哺乳动物中,
这些细胞不能再生,但在如鸟类等非哺乳脊椎动物中,与毛细胞相邻的支持细胞能够通
过“跨越分异”再生丢失的毛细胞。这便提出了一个问题:这种能力是否在哺乳动物身
上已经彻底丧失?或者说,该能力仍然处于休眠状态?White等人通过利用新方法来纯
化有丝分裂后的小鼠支持细胞,发现这些细胞在体外的确保持着发育成成熟毛细胞的能
力。似乎,要求这些细胞再生的信号在活体中要么不存在,要么受到抑制。支持细胞进
行增殖的能力随年龄所发生的变化与依赖于周期蛋白的激酶抑制因子p27Kip1的水平有
关,这个发现为再生受损的毛细胞提供了一个可能的治疗途径。本期封面所示为转基因
小鼠的Corti器官,图上毛细胞用紫色表示,支持细胞用荧光标记为绿色。(Letter p.
984)


一种自授粉的兰花(A self-satisfied orchid?)
Pollination: Self-fertilization strategy in an orchid
达尔文非常会使用标题,例如“兰花由昆虫授粉的各种不同办法”就能说明这一切。兰
花是如何受粉的仍然是一个有丰富内容的话题,本期Nature上报告了名为Holcoglossum
amesianum的兰花所表现出的一种开花植物中以前我们不知道的受粉机制。神奇的是,
这种雌雄同体的花能将自己的花粉囊旋转360°,将花粉插入自己的柱头空腔中,而不
需要任何授粉代理或媒介的帮助。该现象在无风、干旱条件下昆虫很少的时候出现在中
国云南省高海拔森林中的树干上,可能是对极端生存环境的一种适应。(Brief
Communications p. 945)


关于“拟南芥”等模型生物的文献综述(Arabidopsis at large)
Genetic mechanisms and evolutionary significance of natural variation in
Arabidopsis
“拟南芥”和“果蝇”等模型生物在实验室中被不断进行基因操纵和选择实验。有了这
种实验所产生的数据,一种模型生物的自然遗传变异能告诉我们什么呢?Thomas
Mitchell-Olds 和Johanna Schmitt对关于模型植物“拟南芥”(或称“阿拉伯芥”)
自然变异的文献进行了综述,他们讨论了最近关于与若干具有重要生态学意义的复合特
征有关的基因的发现,为了解基因组演化的机制、地理种群结构和自然种群中DNA所承
受的选择压力等提供了线索。(Review Article p. 947)


黑洞的增长是一个磁过程(The main attraction)
The magnetic nature of disk accretion onto black holes
我们看不到黑洞,它们是在黑色背景上的黑色。但我们能看到它们在哪里,因为当物质
掉进黑洞中时会发出明亮的光。这种盘增长过程是高能天体物理学中很多方面的中心内
容,但关于其内部活动情况的观测线索非常少。现在,Miller等人利用由恒星质量黑洞
双星体系GRO J1655–40获得的非凡光谱数据,实现了为致密天体上的盘增长之性质确
定观测约束条件的这个人们长期以来所寻求的目标。该光谱记录了一定是由一个磁过程
提供动力的一个X-射线吸收风,这个磁过程还可通过盘来驱动增长。这表明,以盘的形
式向黑洞上的累积增长从根本上说是一个磁过程。(Letter p. 953; News and
Views)


铁电松弛材料机电效应的根源(Making work)
The giant electromechanical response in ferroelectric relaxors as a critical
phenomenon
被称为“铁电松弛剂”的一组材料,由于能够将电能转换成机械能,因而有望用于电
信、超声和医学领域。现在,研究人员发现,这种“巨大机电效应”的根源在于这些系
统的相行为中存在临界点,这个发现也许可帮助指导具有增强的机电响应的材料的设计
和工程。(Letter p. 956; News and Views)


利用硅波导实现宽带放大(Towards silicon photonics)
Broad-band optical parametric gain on a silicon photonic chip
能同时放大和处理一系列波长通道的与硅兼容的光学元件的开发,是基于光子芯片的未
来数据通信技术的关键。此前,这种类型的装置只能够放大单一波长通道。现在,利用
为该目的专门设计的纳米尺度的硅波导,Foster等人实现了宽带放大。关键是他们利用
了一种被称为“四波混合”的非线性光效应。这个过程还可用于以前只能在很长的光纤
中实现的其他全光处理功能。(Letter p. 960)


加州圣安德烈斯断层南段地震活动将增加(San Andreas fault is stressed)
Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the
southern San Andreas fault system
圣安德烈斯断层南段只是该断层历史上没有断裂过的部分中的一部分。由于这个原因,
科学家相信它构成加州最大的地震风险,尽管这个地方构造应力是否真的正在积聚是一
个存在激烈争论的话题。Yuri Fialko利用来自雷达干涉测量卫星的数据,生成了该地
区表面变形的详细图,该图表明,弹性应力正在以相当高的速度积聚:在过去300年
里,已经积累了6-9米的一个位移。这说明,圣安德烈斯断层南段正在接近地震周期的
间震期的最后,可以预料某种类型的地震活动将会增加。(Letter p. 968)


中国热河生物群新发现七鳃鳗化石(Lampreys play the long game)
A lamprey from the Cretaceous Jehol biota of China
七鳃鳗的化石记录很少见,而且即便存在的化石也难以解释。来自中国白垩纪热河生物
群的这个新标本填补了该动物化石记录中一个3亿年的空白,它表明,无颚脊椎动物的
这个古代分支是在1亿年前变成其今天这种样子的。(Letter p. 972)


动物也注重“形象分”(A clean-cut image)
Image scoring and cooperation in a cleaner fish mutualism
如果我们看到一个人帮助另一个人,我们可能会在今后某个时候更倾向于去帮助利他主
义者,而不是去帮助有自私名声的某个人。这种“形象打分”行为被认为有助于维持人
与人之间的合作。现在,Redouan Bshary 和 Alexandra Grutter首次提供的实验证据
表明,该行为也能稳定非人类的动物之间的合作。在他们的研究中,这种合作行为是由
在一种相互关系中能将其伙伴(被称为“顾客”的鱼)身上的体外寄生虫清除掉的清洁
鱼表现出来的。清洁鱼既可跟它们的顾客合作,将其身上的体外寄生虫清除掉,也可进
行“欺骗”,并且只是简单地去吃其顾客身上的粘液,而将清除寄生虫的事情留给其他
清洁鱼去做。一系列的觅食实验表明,顾客鱼会进行“形象打分”,清洁鱼在有一个根
据形象进行打分的顾客在场时会表现得更为合作。(Letter p. 975; News and
Views)


构成胸腺的两种组织类型有共同来源(Two for T)
Formation of a functional thymus initiated by a postnatal epithelial
progenitor cell /Smad4 signalling in T cells is required for suppression of
gastrointestinal cancer
胸腺是T细胞的主要来源,T细胞构成防御病毒和癌细胞的免疫系统的主要支柱。胸腺由
两种主要上皮细胞类型组成,即皮质细胞和髓质细胞,每种类型的细胞在T细胞选择中
执行截然不同的任务。这两种类型的细胞是来自不同祖先还是共同祖先一直存在争议。
现在,两个相互独立的研究小组发现,这两种组织类型有一个共同的祖先。一个具有与
干细胞相似性质的前体能够生成两种组织的事实,为胸腺疾病的基于细胞的疗法提供了
一线希望。(Letters pp. 988, 992; News and Views)


高尔基网络成熟过程的实验观测(Golgi maturation)
Golgi maturation visualized in living yeast/ Live imaging of yeast Golgi
cisternal maturation
在细胞生物学的教科书中有两个关于高尔基网络成熟过程的模型:在“传统模型”中,
含有货物蛋白的小囊在生产线上从一个囊运动到另一个囊,沿途它们被修饰,直到其被
分泌出来;而“囊泡成熟模型”(囊泡是平坦的、盘状膜囊,包括高尔基分泌系统在
内)认为,一个单一的高尔基腔室随着时间的推移而发育,使得货物蛋白始终留在一个
囊泡中,直到它们做好了被包裹进运送囊中、运送到其最终目的地为止。两个独立的研
究小组利用尖端成像技术发现,在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中,这些蛋
白在被分泌之前始终留在一个囊泡中。(Letter pp. 1002, 1007; News and Views)


偶然事件造成的基因表达失控的确是衰老的原因之一(Old at heart)
Increased cell-to-cell variation in gene expression in ageing mouse heart
由基因组随机损伤所造成的对基因表达的控制的改变,一直被认为是衰老的一个可能的
原因。对年轻(6个月)和年老(27个月)的小鼠的心脏组织所做的一项研究,为支持
这一理论提供了重要的、但难以获得的数据。该研究首次表明,从小鼠心脏刚刚分离出
的细胞的基因表达存在内在的可变性,这种可变性随着年龄的增加而增加。用基因毒性
化学物质所做的处理,能够产生与衰老效应类似的现象。该结果表明,由偶然事件所造
成的基因表达的失控,是与衰老有关的细胞退化和死亡的一个普遍机制。(Letter p.
1011)
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ningkeqing

木虫 (正式写手)

----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Animal behaviour: Trust in fish
A mutually beneficial interaction between two species of fish turns out to
involve the careful appraisal of one by the other -- and the appropriately
virtuous behaviour by the former while being watched.
Lee Alan Dugatkin
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441937a.html

Astrophysics: Magnetic accretion
Disks of hot gas drawn onto a central star or black hole are the best
energy-producing machines in the Universe. So how do these accretion disks
work? The answer, it seems, is blowing in their winds.
Daniel Proga
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441938a.html

Cell biology: The Golgi grows up
The Golgi apparatus of the cell has long baffled biologists, mainly because
it is unclear how proteins are conveyed through it on their way to the cell
surface. Some innovative microscopy may resolve the issue.
Vivek Malhotra and Satyajit Mayor
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441939a.html

Plant biology: Designs on Rubisco
Rubisco is said to be both the most important enzyme on Earth and
surprisingly inefficient. Yet an understanding of the reaction by which it
fixes CO2 suggests that evolution has made the best of a bad job.
Howard Griffiths
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441940a.html

Materials science: Relaxors go critical
Relaxor ferroelectrics are fascinating and useful materials, but they seem
to be heterogeneous, hopeless messes. Observing what they do under electric
fields reveals critical behaviour that helps to make sense of them.
R. E. Cohen
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441941a.html

Immunology: A second chance for the thymus Each organ develops at its own
time -- usually in the embryo. The discovery of progenitor cells that give
rise to two structures in the thymus hints that this immune organ can
continue to develop after birth.
Hans-Reimer Rodewald
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441942a.html

----------------------
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS
----------------------
Pollination: Self-fertilization strategy in an orchid An orchid that flowers
in harsh conditions pollinates itself unassisted by any of the usual agents.
Ke-Wei Liu, Zhong-Jian Liu, LaiQiang Huang, Li-Qiang Li, Li-Jun Chen and
Guang-Da Tang
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/abs/441945a.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441945a.html

Photonics: Lasers producing tailored beams Eiji Miyai, Kyosuke Sakai,
Takayuki Okano, Wataru Kunishi, Dai Ohnishi and Susumu Noda
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/abs/441946a.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441946a.html

BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS ARISING
Sleep behaviour: Sleep in continuously active dolphins Yuske Sekiguchi,
Kazutoshi Arai and Shiro Kohshima
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04898.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04898.html

Sleep behaviour: Activity and sleep in dolphins Guido Gnone, Tiziana
Moriconi and Giorgia Gambini
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04899.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04899.html

Sleep behaviour: Sleep in continuously active dolphins; Activity and sleep
in dolphins (Reply) O. I. Lyamin, J. Pryaslova, V. Lance and J. M. Siegel
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04900.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04900.html

----------------------
REVIEW
----------------------
Genetic mechanisms and evolutionary significance of natural variation in
Arabidopsis Thomas Mitchell-Olds and Johanna Schmitt
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04878.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04878.html

----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
The magnetic nature of disk accretion onto black holes Jon M. Miller, John
Raymond, Andy Fabian, Danny Steeghs, Jeroen Homan, Chris Reynolds, Michiel
van der Klis and Rudy Wijnands
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04912.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04912.html

The giant electromechanical response in ferroelectric relaxors as a critical
phenomenon Z. Kutnjak, J. Petzelt and R. Blinc
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04854.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04854.html

Broad-band optical parametric gain on a silicon photonic chip Mark A.
Foster, Amy C. Turner, Jay E. Sharping, Bradley S. Schmidt, Michal Lipson
and Alexander L. Gaeta
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04932.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04932.html

The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide I. Marinov, A. Gnanadesikan, J. R.
Toggweiler and J. L. Sarmiento
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04883.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04883.html

Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the
southern San Andreas fault system Yuri Fialko
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04797.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04797.html

A lamprey from the Cretaceous Jehol biota of China Mee-mann Chang, Jiangyong
Zhang and Desui Miao
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04730.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04730.html

Image scoring and cooperation in a cleaner fish mutualism Redouan Bshary and
Alexandra S. Grutter
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04755.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04755.html

Experience-dependent and cell-type-specific spine growth in the neocortex
Anthony Holtmaat, Linda Wilbrecht, Graham W. Knott, Egbert Welker and Karel
Svoboda
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04783.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04783.html

Mammalian cochlear supporting cells can divide and trans-differentiate into
hair cells Patricia M. White, Angelika Doetzlhofer, Yun Shain Lee, Andrew K.
Groves and Neil Segil
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04849.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04849.html

Clonal analysis reveals a common progenitor for thymic cortical and
medullary epithelium Simona W. Rossi, William E. Jenkinson, Graham Anderson
and Eric J. Jenkinson
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04813.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04813.html

Formation of a functional thymus initiated by a postnatal epithelial
progenitor cell Conrad C. Bleul, Tatiana Corbeaux, Alexander Reuter, Paul
Fisch, J?1/4rgen Schulte Monting and Thomas Boehm
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04850.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04850.html

Nanog promotes transfer of pluripotency after cell fusion
Jos?(c) Silva, Ian Chambers, Steven Pollard and Austin Smith
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04914.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04914.html

Golgi maturation visualized in living yeast Eugene Losev, Catherine A.
Reinke, Jennifer Jellen, Daniel E. Strongin, Brooke J. Bevis and Benjamin S.
Glick
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04717.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04717.html

Live imaging of yeast Golgi cisternal maturation Kumi Matsuura-Tokita,
Masaki Takeuchi, Akira Ichihara, Kenta Mikuriya and Akihiko Nakano
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04737.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04737.html

Increased cell-to-cell variation in gene expression in ageing mouse heart
Rumana Bahar, Claudia H. Hartmann, Karl A. Rodriguez, Ashley D. Denny, Rita
A. Busuttil, Martijn E. T. Dolle, R. Brent Calder, Gary B. Chisholm, Brad H.
Pollock, Christoph A. Klein and Jan Vijg
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04844.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04844.html

Smad4 signalling in T cells is required for suppression of gastrointestinal
cancer Byung-Gyu Kim, Cuiling Li, Wenhui Qiao, Mizuko Mamura, Barbara
Kasperczak, Miriam Anver, Lawrence Wolfraim, Suntaek Hong, Elizabeth
Mushinski, Michael Potter, Seong-Jin Kim, Xin-Yuan Fu, Chuxia Deng and John
J. Letterio
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04846.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04846.html
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