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[资源] 【分享】An Introductory Guide to SPSS for Windows,Second Edition.2005

An Introductory Guide to SPSS for Windows,Second Edition
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Authors(Editors):
Eric L. Einspruch
Publisher: Sage
Pub Date: 2005
Pages: 160
ISBN: 1-4129-0415-3

Introduction
This book is designed to provide the reader with an introduction to
one of the most popular computer programs for data analysis: the
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows. This
computer software provides a comprehensive set of flexible tools that
can be used to accomplish a wide variety of data analysis tasks. The
book covers the fundamentals of SPSS, and by the time they reach the
end of the book, readers will have a working knowledge of how to use
SPSS to read, manage, and analyze data. I have written this book using
SPSS Version 12.0, which runs on the Microsoft Windows operating
system. However, the material covered in this book is applicable to
earlier (and I predict later) Windows versions of SPSS, although the
pull-down menus and dialog boxes will not exactly match the figures
in this book.
The ability to conduct research is an important skill. If you are
interested in learning about service delivery, client perceptions, or the
knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors of a group of persons, then you need
fundamental skills in research design, data collection and analysis, and
report writing. This is particularly true for those interested in program
evaluation and for those engaged in collecting data to contribute to
policy or decision making (perhaps in support of ongoing program
improvement).
When conducting research or evaluation, a suitable data collection
instrument must be designed and administered to some number of
subjects (from as few as one or two dozen to as many as several hundred
thousand). The data, once collected, must be analyzed. In the past, data
analysis was a tedious process done by hand (often at least three times
for each analysis: once to get the answer, once to check the answer, and
once to reconcile differences between the first two answers due to error
in the calculations). And that was just for the first analysis, perhaps a
simple one such as the computation of frequency distributions. Then
came more calculations of descriptive and inferential statistics.
Fortunately, we live in an age when high-speed computers take
the tedium out of statistical computation (and reduce the likelihood of
errors), allowing the calculation and recalculation of statistics in a brief
period of time. The ability of the computer to perform these calculations
quickly and accurately allows a researcher to spend his or her time
searching for patterns in the data and answering questions of interest,
rather than on the mechanics of computation.
This book is ideally suited to a one-semester introductory course
on the use of computers in research, for someone learning SPSS on his
or her own, or for someone who is returning to the SPSS software and
is in need of a refresher. I have assumed that readers are already familiar
with the material normally covered in a first course in statistics (or
are currently becoming familiar with this material). Readers who wish
to brush up on their statistics are encouraged to see Sirkin (1999), while
readers who wish to explore the field of statistics in greater depth are
referred to Gibbons (1985), Gibbons and Chakraborti (1992), Hays
(1991), Kirk (1995), and Pedhazur (1997).
I have written this book in as nontechnical a manner as possible
so that it is an easy-to-use introduction to the power of SPSS. In doing
so, I have pointed straight to the fundamental concepts of the software.
However, please be aware that SPSS is capable of far more than what is
covered in this book. Once you have become familiar with the software,
you can use the SPSS manuals to increase your skills and understanding.
In fact, you may find it helpful to keep the manuals (available on the
CD that came with your copy of SPSS) nearby as you read this book, so
that they may serve to expand on the topics that are introduced here.
You will also find it helpful to sit at the computer as you read this book,
trying the skills that are being discussed.
Before we continue, let me say a few things about computers. First,
feel free to experiment. Try the procedures that are presented and have
fun. Don’t worry, you are not going to break anything, as long as you
don’t hit the machine with a hammer, toss it off the desk, or anything
like that. Sure, you will make mistakes. Everyone does at one time or
another, even the best SPSS users. So don’t be afraid to try to do the
work we are discussing—if things get bad, you can always start over.
Just be sure to remember to save your work frequently.
variables may need to be created, and certain records may need to be
selected from the dataset. These tasks will be covered in Chapter 4.
Chapter 5 will introduce some intermediate concepts regarding data
files. We will look at how to read data files that were not created in SPSS
(such as those that have been saved as simple text files). We will also
examine how to append data files (that is, to add cases from one file to
another) and how to merge data files (that is, to add variables from one
file to another).
The power of SPSS lies in its ability to perform complex statistical
operations on large datasets, saving the researcher countless hours of
computations. Chapter 6 illustrates the use of SPSS pull-down menus
to perform the statistical analyses typically covered in a first statistics
course. Each method will be introduced by a statement of a research
question, followed by a discussion of how to use SPSS to conduct the
analysis. Output from the analysis will be presented and interpreted,
and an answer to the research question will be given.
In addition to using pull-down menus to conduct an analysis, users
have the ability to write programs using SPSS syntax to manipulate
and analyze data. Indeed, many of SPSS’s capabilities may be accessed
only through the use of syntax. Chapter 7 introduces basic SPSS programming
skills, taking the reader beyond the features available via the
pull-down menus.
Chapter 8 provides some direction for next steps in your study of
SPSS. First, there is a discussion of how to get help in SPSS. Next,
I encourage readers to make use of the wealth of information available
in the SPSS manuals. The content and the structure of the manuals
are reviewed, and examples are provided in which topics not covered in
this book are researched using the manuals. This discussion will help
readers become successful at using the manuals as reference tools.
Finally, I present some topics that will be of interest to those who wish
to further develop their SPSS skills.
Some concluding remarks are made in Chapter 9. You will be well on
your way to becoming a skilled SPSS user once you have reached this
point. I hope that you will have also sensed the adventure and fun of
using SPSS.

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