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【资源共享】Electronic Materials Science.pdf
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Preface 1 Introduction to Electronic Materials Science 1 1.1 Introduction / 1 1.2 Structure and Diffraction / 3 1.3 Defects / 4 1.4 Diffusion / 5 1.5 Phase Equilibria / 5 1.6 Mechanical Properties / 6 1.7 Electronic Structure / 6 1.8 Electronic Properties and Devices / 7 1.9 Electronic Materials Science / 8 2 Structure of Solids 9 2.1 Introduction / 9 2.2 Order / 10 2.3 The Lattice / 12 2.4 Crystal Structure / 16 2.5 Notation / 17 2.5.1 Naming Planes / 17 2.5.2 Lattice Directions / 19 2.6 Lattice Geometry / 21 2.6.1 Planar Spacing Formulas / 21 2.6.2 Close Packing / 22 2.7 The Wigner-Seitz Cell / 24 2.8 Crystal Structures / 25 2.8.1 Structures for Elements / 25 2.8.2 Structures for Compounds / 26 2.8.3 Solid Solutions / 28 Related Reading / 29 Exercises / 29 3 Diffraction 31 3.1 Introduction / 31 3.2 Phase Difference and Bragg’s Law / 33 3.3 The Scattering Problem / 37 3.3.1 Coherent Scattering from an Electron / 38 3.3.2 Coherent Scattering from an Atom / 40 3.3.3 Coherent Scattering from a Unit Cell / 40 3.3.4 Structure Factor Calculations / 43 3.4 Reciprocal Space, RESP / 45 3.4.1 Why Reciprocal Space? / 45 3.4.2 Definition of RESP / 46 3.4.3 Definition of Reciprocal Lattice Vector / 48 3.4.4 The Ewald Construction / 50 3.5 Diffraction Techniques / 53 3.5.1 Rotating Crystal Method / 53 3.5.2 Powder Method / 53 3.5.3 Laue Method / 55 3.6 Wave Vector Representation / 55 Related Reading / 58 Exercises / 58 4 Defects in Solids 61 4.1 Introduction / 61 4.2 Why Do Defects Form? / 62 4.2.1 Review of Some Thermodynamics Ideas / 62 4.3 Point Defects / 66 4.4 The Statistics of Point Defects / 67 4.5 Line Defects—Dislocations / 71 4.5.1 Edge Dislocations / 73 4.5.2 Screw Dislocations / 74 4.5.3 Burger’s Vector and the Burger Circuit / 76 4.5.4 Dislocation Motion / 77 vi CONTENTS 4.6 Planar Defects / 77 4.6.1 Grain Boundaries / 77 4.6.2 Twin Boundaries / 78 4.7 Three-Dimensional Defects / 79 Related Reading / 79 Exercises / 80 5 Diffusion in Solids 81 5.1 Introduction to Diffusion Equations / 81 5.2 Atomistic Theory of Diffusion: Fick’s Laws and a Theory for the Diffussion Construct D / 83 5.3 Random Walk Problem / 87 5.3.1 Random Walk Calculations / 89 5.3.2 Relation of D to Random Walk / 89 5.3.3 Self-Diffusion Vacancy Mechanism in a FCC Crystal / 90 5.3.4 Activation Energy for Diffusion / 91 5.4 Other Mass Transport Mechanisms / 91 5.4.1 Permeability versus Diffusion / 91 5.4.2 Convection versus Diffusion / 94 5.5 Mathematics of Diffusion / 94 5.5.1 Steady State Diffusion—Fick’s First Law / 95 5.5.2 Non–Steady State Diffusion—Fick’s Second Law / 97 Related Reading / 108 Exercises / 108 6 Phase Equilibria 111 6.1 Introduction / 111 6.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule / 111 6.2.1 Definitions / 111 6.2.2 Equilibrium Among Phases—The Phase Rule / 113 6.2.3 Applications of the Phase Rule / 115 6.2.4 Construction of Phase Diagrams: Theory and Experiment / 116 6.2.5 The Tie Line Principle / 120 6.2.6 The Lever Rule / 121 6.2.7 Examples of Phase Equilibria / 125 6.3 Nucleation and Growth of Phases / 130 6.3.1 Thermodynamics of Phase Transformations / 130 6.3.2 Nucleation / 133 Related Reading / 137 Exercises / 138 7 Mechanical Properties of Solids—Elasticity 139 7.1 Introduction / 139 7.2 Elasticity Relationships / 141 7.2.1 True versus Engineering Strain / 143 7.2.2 Nature of Elasticity and Young’s Modulus / 144 7.3 An Analysis of Stress by the Equation of Motion / 147 7.4 Hooke’s Law for Pure Dilatation and Pure Shear / 150 7.5 Poisson’s Ratio / 151 7.6 Relationships Among E, e, and v / 151 7.7 Relationships Among E, G, and n / 153 7.8 Resolving the Normal Forces / 156 Related Reading / 157 Exercises / 158 8 Mechanical Properties of Solids—Plasticity 161 8.1 Introduction / 161 8.2 Plasticity Observations / 161 8.3 Role of Dislocations / 163 8.4 Deformation of Noncrystalline Materials / 175 8.4.1 Thermal Behavior of Amorphous Solids / 175 8.4.2 Time-Dependent Deformation of Amorphous Materials / 177 8.4.3 Models for Network Solids / 179 8.4.4 Elastomers / 183 Related Reading / 186 Exercises / 186 9 Electronic Structure of Solids 187 9.1 Introduction / 187 9.2 Waves, Electrons, and the Wave Function / 187 9.2.1 Representation of Waves / 187 9.2.2 Matter Waves / 189 9.2.3 Superposition / 190 9.2.4 Electron Waves / 195 9.3 Quantum Mechanics / 196 9.3.1 Normalization / 197 9.3.2 Dispersion of Electron Waves and the SE / 197 9.3.3 Classical and QM Wave Equations / 199 9.3.4 Solutions to the SE / 200 9.4 Electron Energy Band Representations / 215 9.4.1 Parallel Band Picture / 215 9.4.2 k Space Representations / 216 9.4.3 Brillouin Zones / 219 9.5 Real Energy Band Structures / 221 9.6 Other Aspects of Electron Energy Band Structure / 224 Related Reading / 226 Exercises / 227 10 Electronic Properties of Materials 229 10.1 Introduction / 229 10.2 Occupation of Electronic States / 230 10.2.1 Density of States Function, DOS / 230 10.2.2 The Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function / 232 10.2.3 Occupancy of Electronic States / 235 10.3 Position of the Fermi Energy / 236 10.4 Electronic Properties of Metals: Conduction and Superconductivity / 240 10.4.1 Free Electron Theory for Electrical Conduction / 240 10.4.2 Quantum Theory of Electronic Conduction / 244 10.4.3 Superconductivity / 247 10.5 Semiconductors / 253 10.5.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors / 253 10.5.2 Extrinsic Semiconductors / 257 10.5.3 Semiconductor Measurements / 261 10.6 Electrical Behavior of Organic Materials / 264 Related Reading / 266 Exercises / 266 11 Junctions and Devices and the Nanoscale 269 11.1 Introduction / 269 11.2 Junctions / 270 11.2.1 Metal–Metal Junctions / 270 11.2.2 Metal–Semiconductor Junctions / 271 11.2.3 Semiconductor–Semiconductor PN Junctions / 274 11.3 Selected Devices / 275 11.3.1 Passive Devices / 276 11.3.2 Active Devices / 279 11.4 Nanostructures and Nanodevices / 290 11.4.1 Heterojunction Nanostructures / 290 11.4.2 2-D and 3-D Nanostructures / 293 Related Reading / 294 Exercises / 295 Index [ Last edited by tangsd2 on 2007-4-1 at 19:47 ] |
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