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ningkeqing

木虫 (正式写手)

[交流] Nature Contents 20 April 2006 (Vol. 440 pp.969-1088)

[自然要览]

(选自英国Nature杂志,2006年4月20日出版)


封面故事:核电站安全及核能前景问题
TWENTY YEARS ON: Chernobyl and the future of nuclear power
1986年4月28日,前苏联承认,位于乌克兰的切尔诺贝利核电站两天之前发生了一起事
故。从那时起,全世界核电站的管理规范已经发生了变化。在本期的一系列文章中,我
们从人类生命和疾病以及生态破坏等角度对切尔诺贝利核电站事故的代价进行了分析。
20年已经过去了,现在也是评估21世纪核能前景的时候了。(News pp. 982–989;
Commentary p. 993; Editorial p. 969)


伴护分子Hsp90二聚物的结构(Partners in crime)
Crystal structure of an Hsp90–nucleotide–p23/Sba1 closed chaperone complex

伴护分子Hsp90激发很多致癌蛋白,这些蛋白发生突变或失去控制会诱发癌症。该分子
依赖于ATP,对ATP结合的抑制会阻断对致癌基因的激发。所有这些使得Hsp90成为合理
化疗的一个首要目标。然而,我们对该分子的生化特点了解很少,关于它利用ATP的手
段也存在争议。现在,Ali等人确定了Hsp90二聚物的结构,这个二聚物存在于由ATP和
一个“共伴护分子”形成的复合物中。从该结构可以看出与ATP结合在一起的伴护分子
周期是怎样工作的,以及它是怎样在依赖于Hsp90的“客户”蛋白中促成构象变化的。
(Article p. 1013)


星光来自哪里?(First light)
A low level of extragalactic background light as revealed by  -rays from
blazars
弥漫于星际空间的扩散光含有关于早期宇宙的宝贵信息。但到底是什么信息却是一个猜
测的问题:它是来自在早期宇宙中最先形成的恒星的光线,还是由后来产生的星系直接
发出的星光? 利用HESS(建在纳米比亚的“高能立体系统”阵列)对两个遥远的活动
星系所做的伽马射线观测显示,扩散光强度比根据最近研究的结果所预计的要低。这说
明,宇宙对伽马射线比我们所想的更透明,星系更可能是主要光源,而不是早期恒星。
(Letter p. 1018; News and Views)


直接测定纠缠态的新方法(Measure for measure)
Experimental determination of entanglement with a single measurement
量子纠缠,指的是物体在空间上是分开的、但却共享一个量子态的现象。它是量子信息
应用的一个至关重要的资源,也可以说是经典世界与量子世界最让人惊异的区别。研究
人员在关于纠缠的数学描述方面和关于纠缠态的生成方面都取得了引人注目的进展,但
对纠缠态在实验上的准备程度进行定量仍然极为困难。所以,本期Nature报告的一个新
的直接测定纠缠的方法可以说是一项重要进展。该方法在一个相对比较简单的线性光学
体系中用一个步骤来测定光子的双向纠缠。(Letter p. 1022; News and Views)


气候敏感度的新上限(Climate sensitivity)
Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstructions over the past
seven centuries
未来任何全球变暖的尺度都将取决于气候系统对温室气体浓度变化的敏感度。过去的气
候可以成为预测未来事件的有用指南,现在,根据对在1280-1850年这一前工业化时期
北半球气温的重建结果对气候敏感度所做的一个新的估计,为我们提供了比以前更为精
确的指南。过去人们认为,气候敏感度(由于大气中CO2浓度加倍所造成的全球平均气
温变化)的上限在7.7?C 和 9?C之间,但新模型表明,气候敏感度超过6.2?C的概率非
常小。(Letter p. 1029)


隐藏在南极冰川下的神秘世界(Taken at the flood)
Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes
一个由超过140个湖泊组成的隐藏在冰川下的世界存在于南极的冰层下面。过去,人们
普遍假设,这些湖泊是一个静态生态系统,彼此之间以及与外界都几乎是隔绝的,驻留
时间长,循环缓慢。 但根据对该地区地表高程变化所做的一项为期16个月的研究,事
实远不是这样。研究人员探测到了迅速的排放现象,整个冰川下流域有可能被定期冲
刷。(Letter p. 1033; News p. xxx; News and Views)


新化石证据表明蛇起源于陆地(How snakes lost their limbs)
A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum
想到蛇,我们脑子里就会想到一种没有四肢的爬行动物。但蛇过去并不总是这样。我们
已经知道化石中的一些蛇是有四肢的,有足够多的化石证据可以证明,蛇的四肢的消失
不是一个简单的、渐进的过程。从阿根廷白垩纪地层中新发现的一个蛇化石不仅有强壮
的后腿,而且还有一个荐骨区域(过去在蛇身上从未见过),它使得后腿能够与脊椎骨
通过关节连接起来。这可能是已知最原始的蛇,其解剖特征表明,蛇起源于陆地上,是
穴居的,而不是像人们经常以为的那样起源于海洋。(Letter p. 1037)


验证博弈理论的新模型(Ruffling the feathers)
Evolution of cooperative strategies from first principles
解释合作的演化是演化生物学家所面临的最棘手的问题之一。利用博弈理论模拟相互作
用已经有所收获,但该方法经常受到可能的策略数量较少的限制。现在出现了一种新方
法,它采用的是一个计算机模型,从而扩大了可能的策略的范围。这一方法应能够对该
理论进行更为严格的验证。这一模型真正放开了对“选手们”的约束,想象中的生物甚
至可以在博弈过程中自己制定自己的规则。所获得的结果是一个由合作行为构成的一个
丰富的生态系统,以前从未在这样的模拟中看到过。在这个生态系统中,传统博弈理论
的“老鹰”和“鸽子”中又加入了乐于合作的“八哥”和“乌鸦”。(Letter p.
1041)


第17号染色体的分析结果(Tidying the genome)
DNA sequence of human chromosome 17 and analysis of rearrangement in the
human lineage
关于人类基因组序列的研究工作已经进入了只有少数染色体的详细序列分析尚未发表的
阶段。本期Nature发表了第17号染色体的分析结果。除了对该染色体及其内容的通常描
述之外,本文还描述了该染色体的复制结构及其与小鼠第11号染色体的密切关系。
(Letter p. 1045)


同一形态特征的重复演化(Wing commanders)
Repeated morphological evolution through cis-regulatory changes in a
pleiotropic gene
同一形态特征的重复演化是一个常见现象。它使人们想到这样一个问题:演化是否仅限
于走某些路径?或者说对同一个表现型是否有很多遗传路径?对果蝇求偶过程中所显示
的雄性翅膀着色图案所做的一项研究表明,类似的图案形成方式至少独立出现过两次,
而在亲缘关系很近的果蝇品种中至少丢失过5次。所有这些事件涉及黄色着色基因上调
控方面的变化,但翅膀斑点的两次独立出现来自不同调控元素的同时选择。演化在该基
因上进行了两次,但每次采用的路径不同。(Letter p. 1050; News and Views)


神经脉冲的产生方式(Full speed ahead)
Unique features of action potential initiation in cortical neurons
大脑中的神经元通过只有一个伏特若干分之一的电子脉冲或动作电位来进行通信,这种
脉冲持续时间只有1秒的千分之一。1952年,Alan Hodgkin 和Andrew Huxley因其关于
动作电位产生的理论而共同获得诺贝尔奖,他们的理论是根据对乌贼巨轴突的研究工作
发展来的。此后,人们一直默认神经脉冲在从蛞蝓到人类在内的所有动物中都基本是以
同样方式产生的。现在,对高等动物皮层神经元中的动作电位所做的一项研究表明,这
种假设需要修正。皮层动作电位启动的关键特征与Hodgkin–Huxley理论的预测是偏离
的,因为这些神经元比以前所假设的更适合进行快速信息处理。(Letter p. 1060;
News and Views)


Caspase-12与败血症的关系(Sepsis target)
Enhanced bacterial clearance and sepsis resistance in caspase-12-deficient
mice
Caspase家族的蛋白酶不仅帮助细胞死亡(通过细胞程序死亡进行),而且处理炎性细
胞激素。现在,研究人员发现Caspase-12抑制Caspase-1,降低炎性细胞激素的生成
量。因此,缺失Caspase-12的小鼠比正常小鼠更能抵抗细菌,对腹膜炎和败血症也有抵
抗力。这使得Caspase-12成为败血症治疗中的一个潜在药物作用目标。(Letter p.
1064)


个性化用药有可能实现(Medicine for one)
Pharmaco-metabonomic phenotyping and personalized drug treatment
我们将来有一天可能会受益于“个性化药物”,制造这种药物需要对一个人的关键特征
进行分析,预测哪些药物对该患者会有效。“药物代谢经济学”
(Pharmaco-metabonomics)是一种新的定制方法,它将药物施用前代谢物分析与化学
计量结合起来,模拟和预测某一个具体的患者所产生的反应。本期Nature发表了对该方
法的一项验证研究,研究人员以对大鼠施用乙酰氨基酚(Paracetamol)作为研究模
型。该验证试验成功地预测出了尿药物代谢物的一些特征以及药物施用前尿组成与施用
后肝损伤程度之间的一个联系。因为该方法涉及对一个患者代谢表现型(代谢表现型不
仅受基因型的影响,而且受营养状态、年龄和疾病等环境因素的影响)的分析,所以它
可能是实现人类个性化医疗保健的一个重要步骤。 (Letter p. 1073)


利用数学模型设计合成酶的新方法(Enzymes to order)
Designed divergent evolution of enzyme function
自然分子演化产生了专门催化单一化学反应的酶,因为过去选择性很差的酶在这个过程
中被改变了。Yoshikuni等人现在开发出一种利用一个数学模型设计合成酶的方法,该
数学模型能模仿分子演化的机制。他们利用这一系统生成了一系列新颖的“倍半萜烯环
化酶”,这些酶利用不同反应路径生成不同最终产物。这个结果显示了利用一种酶“脚
手架”来生成现有分子更纯净版本、或生成自然界不存在的潜在新分子的可行性。
(Letter p. 1078)
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ningkeqing

木虫 (正式写手)

----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Neuroscience: Spikes too kinky in the cortex?
The Hodgkin-Huxley theory that explains the mechanism of how neurons fire
forms the cornerstone of computational neuroscience. But something it hasn’
t predicted is happening in the brain cortex.
Boris Gutkin and G. Bard Ermentrout
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7087/full/440999a.html

Glaciology: Ice-sheet plumbing in Antarctica
It's not easy to work out what is going on beneath four kilometres of ice.
But remote imaging has enabled the discovery of the long-distance discharge
of water from one subglacial lake to another in Antarctica.
Garry K. C. Clarke
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... /full/4401000a.html

Evolution: Spot on (and off)
The repeated appearance and loss of a spot on the wings of fruitflies during
their evolution is caused by mutations in one gene. This finding provides an
unprecedented window on the genetics of convergent evolution.
Gregory A. Wray
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... /full/4401001a.html

Astronomy: Trouble at first light
The question of how much light the first stars produced is fundamental to
models of the Universe’s development. But observations have so far failed
to agree: is the answer a lot, or not very much at all?
Piero Madau
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... /full/4401002a.html

----------------------
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS
----------------------
Biomechanics: A pneumo-hydrostatic skeleton in land crabs
A sophisticated dual support system enables a crab to stay mobile
immediately after moulting.
Jennifer R. A. Taylor and William M. Kier
Abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7087/abs/4401005a.html
Article: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... /full/4401005a.html

----------------------
ARTICLES
----------------------
Weak pairwise correlations imply strongly correlated network states in a
neural population
Collective behaviour in neurons in the vertebrate retina is described
quantitatively by models that capture the observed pairwise correlations,
but assume no higher order interactions.
Elad Schneidman, Michael J. Berry, II, Ronen Segev and William Bialek
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04701.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04701.html

Crystal structure of an Hsp90-nucleotide-p23/Sba1 closed chaperone complex
The structure of full-length Hsp90 in association with an ATP analogue and a
co-chaperone details for the first time how ATP binding changes Hsp90's
conformation, and how the co-chaperone stabilizes the overall structure so
that target proteins can bind.
Maruf M. U. Ali, S. Mark Roe, Cara K. Vaughan, Phillipe Meyer, Barry
Panaretou, Peter W. Piper, Chrisostomos Prodromou and Laurence H. Pearl
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04716.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04716.html

----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
A low level of extragalactic background light as revealed by [gamma]-rays
from blazars
F. Aharonian et al.
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04680.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04680.html

Experimental determination of entanglement with a single measurement
Experimental characterization of entanglement -- a vital resource for
quantum information applications -- is difficult, but this study reports a
direct, quantitative measurement of entanglement in a simple linear optics
set-up.
S. P. Walborn, P. H. Souto Ribeiro, L. Davidovich, F. Mintert and A.
Buchleitner
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04627.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04627.html

Polarons and confinement of electronic motion to two dimensions in a layered
manganite
An even more extreme version of the ‘confinement’ effect -- when electron
charge motion in layered transition-metal oxides is highly anisotropic,
ranging from metallic within the plane of the layers to near insulating in
the perpendicular direction -- is reported in a layered manganese oxide.
H. M. R??nnow, Ch. Renner, G. Aeppli, T. Kimura and Y. Tokura
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04650.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04650.html

Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstructions over the past
seven centuries
Use of large-ensemble energy balance modelling to simulate temperature
response to past solar, volcanic and greenhouse gas forcing suggests a very
small probability that climate sensitivity will exceed 7 degrees Celsius.
Gabriele C. Hegerl, Thomas J. Crowley, William T. Hyde and David J. Frame
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04679.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04679.html

Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes
Observation of surface elevation changes over 16 months in an area of the
East Antarctic ice sheet overlying subglacial lakes suggests a rapid
discharge of one lake to at least two other lakes, involving a water volume
of 1.8 km3 -- in conflict with previous expectations that subglacial lakes
have long residence times and slow circulations.
Duncan J. Wingham, Martin J. Siegert, Andrew Shepherd and Alan S. Muir
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04660.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04660.html

A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum
A new species of fossil snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacral region is
likely to be the most primitive snake yet known -- its features indicating a
terrestrial, perhaps burrowing origin of snakes, rather than the marine
origin that is sometimes suggested.
Sebasti??n Apestegu??a and Hussam Zaher
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04413.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04413.html

Evolution of cooperative strategies from first principles
A computer model that lets notional organisms make their own rules as they
go along results in a rich ecology of cooperative behaviour never before
seen in such simulations, in which cooperative ‘starlings’ and ‘ravens’
are added to the expected ‘hawks’ and ‘doves’ of game theory.
Mikhail Burtsev and Peter Turchin
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04470.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04470.html

DNA sequence of human chromosome 17 and analysis of rearrangement in the
human lineage
Michael C. Zody et al.
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04689.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04689.html

Repeated morphological evolution through cis-regulatory changes in a
pleiotropic gene
Male wing pigmentation pattern involved in courtship display has been gained
and lost multiple times in a Drosophila clade, each of the cases analysed
(two gains and two losses) involving regulatory changes at the pleiotropic
pigmentation gene yellow.
Benjamin Prud’homme, Nicolas Gompel, Antonis Rokas, Victoria A. Kassner,
Thomas M. Williams, Shu-Dan Yeh, John R. True and Sean B. Carroll
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04597.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04597.html

Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-α
David Stellwagen and Robert C. Malenka
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04671.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04671.html

Unique features of action potential initiation in cortical neurons
Bjorn Naundorf, Fred Wolf and Maxim Volgushev
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04610.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04610.html

Enhanced bacterial clearance and sepsis resistance in caspase-12-deficient
mice
Caspase-12 directly inhibits caspase-1 and so diminishes the production of
pro-inflammatory cytokines -- meaning mice without caspase-12 are therefore
better equipped to combat bacteria than normal mice and become resistant to
peritonitis and septic shock.
Maya Saleh, John C. Mathison, Melissa K. Wolinski, Steve J. Bensinger,
Patrick Fitzgerald, Nathalie Droin, Richard J. Ulevitch, Douglas R. Green
and Donald W. Nicholson
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04656.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04656.html

Spatiotemporal dynamics of RhoA activity in migrating cells
Olivier Pertz, Louis Hodgson, Richard L. Klemke and Klaus M. Hahn
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04665.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04665.html

Pharmaco-metabonomic phenotyping and personalized drug treatment
An alternative and conceptually new ‘pharmaco-metabonomic’ approach to
personalizing drug treatment uses a combination of pre-dose metabolite
profiling and chemometrics to model and predict the responses of individual
subjects.
T. Andrew Clayton et al.
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04648.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04648.html

Designed divergent evolution of enzyme function
Yasuo Yoshikuni, Thomas E. Ferrin and Jay D. Keasling
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... bs/nature04607.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature04607.html

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