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同等学力申硕英语指南--辨别改错（已搜，无重复）
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一、时态语态常见错误设置及答题思路 ［常见错误］ 1.句中动词(含谓语、非谓语)时态形式与所给或暗示的时间状语不一致； 2.应用被动语态而错用了主动语态,此错常设置在非谓语动词中； 3.将没有进行时、表示动作结果的感官动词误用进行时； 4.将非及物动词误用被动语态。 例句： The changes that took (A) place in air travel during (B) the last sixty years would have seemed (C) completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at (D) the turn of the 19th century. (答案：A have taken,因与during the last sixty years不一致) With (A) production having gone (B) up steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing (C) supply of (D) raw materials. (答案：B going,因与句中steadily, needs暗示的时间不一致) The idea that (A) learning is a (B) lifelong process has expressed (C) by philosophers and educationalists throughout (D) the centuries. (答案：C has been expressed,应为被动语态) Not too many (A) years ago (B) my mother jogged in the alley behind our house because she was embarrassed to see (C) jogging in public (D) . (答案：C to be seen,应为被动语态) He was seeing (A) somebody creeping (B) into the house through (C) the open (D) window last night. (答案：A saw,表示结果的感官动词没有进行时) If it doesn't (A) rain within (B) the next few weeks, the crops (C) will have to be watered if they are to be survived (D) . (答案：D to survive, survive此处为非及物动词) ［辨错思路］ 如果句中动词划有横线,考生就应分析一下是否时态有错误,即动词的时态形式是否与句中给出的或暗示的时间状语相呼应；动词的语态形式与所涉及的人或物的关系是施动还是受动,是受动关系就要用被动式。 ［改错要领］ 1.掌握与某个特定时态连用的时间状语。 与现在时连用的时间状语有：every day, always, usually, sometimes, twice a week, often等； 与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：recently, lately, since, already, so far, these days, for, yet, in (over, during)the last(past)two years(months, weeks)等； 与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by 2000(the end of this year), up to 21st century, when从句等； 与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：by(up to)1960(或其他过去时间), between 1914 and 1945(或其他过去时间)。 2.注意不同时态的配合与呼应。 主句是将来时,从句可以是现在完成时,一般现在时； 主句是过去时,从句可以是过去进行时,过去完成时,一般过去时,过去将来时。 3.熟悉时态替代的用法。 从句在表示将来时间概念时,视情况用一般现在时或现在进行时替代；从句表示将来完成时的概念时,用现在完成时替代；go, come, leave的过去进行时可以替代过去将来时。 4.测试谓语动词时态的试题常同时测试主谓一致关系或语态,在答题时应全面考虑。 5.动词短语作谓语的被动语态句中,注意不要将介词丢掉；如样题辨错改错部分(1)。 二、虚拟语气常见错误设置及答题思路 ［常见错误］ 1.规范搭配的主从句动词形式有一个有错误。 2.主句和从句的动词形式与各自发生的时间不相对应。 3.在省略if采用倒装表示虚拟的结构中,主句谓语动词没有用虚拟形式,或主句动词是虚拟形式,但从句倒装有误。 4.在用介词短语、并列分句或分词等其他方式表示虚拟条件的句子中,谓语动词没有采用虚拟形式。 5.一些表达命令、建议、愿望意义的词后接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句或同位语从句时,从句中动词没有采用(should+)动词原形。 例句： If the police would have (A) arrived (B) earlier, he would have (C) seen (D) the accident. (答案：A had,与过去事实相反,从句用had done) Had paul received (A) six more (B) votes in the last election, he would have been (C) our chairman (D) now. (答案：C would be,时间状语now表示主句与现在事实相反) The demand for (A) electricity can (B) not readily be met were it not (C) for another source of (D) energy-nuclear power. (答案：B could,表示非真实的假设) Victor obviously (A) doesn’t know what’s happened (B)otherwise he didn’t make (C) such a (D) stupid remark. (答案：C wouldn’t have made, otherwise连接虚拟分句) Without (A) the friction between their (B) feet and the ground, people will (C) in no way (D) be able to walk. (答案：C would,介词without引导虚拟条件) So great (A) was (B) the influence of Thomas paine on (C) his own time that John Adams suggested that the era was called (D) "The Age of Paine". (答案：D be called, suggest后接宾语从句,其谓语应用动词原形) Emphasis is laid on (A) the necessity that all the objectives to be attained (B) take into (C) account before starting (D) a new project. (答案：C be taken into, necessity后接同位语从句,其谓语应用动词原形) It (A) is essential that (B) all these figures are to be (C) checked twice (D) . (答案：C be,形容词essential要求其主语从句的谓语用动词原形) [ Last edited by weicx on 2006-4-1 at 12:43 ] |
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三、情态动词常见错误设置及答题思路 ［常见错误］ 1.考情态动词表达推断、预测的逻辑意义。 2.考"情态动词＋动词完成式"表达的虚拟意义。 所设置的错误通常出现在情态动词后接的动词形式上,即是接不定式的一般式,还是接不定式的完成式。 例句： That small country at one time (A) must be (B) prosperous, for (C) it enjoyed a high level (D) of civilization. (答案：B must have been,表示对过去的肯定推测) In a (A) way I agree with you, but I think (B) you could present (C) your arguement in a much better (D) way. (答案：C could have presented,表示"本来可以…"但实际没有做的虚拟意义) I regret having left (A) the work unfinished (B)I should plan (C) everything ahead (D) carefully. (答案：C should have planned,表示"本应该做"而实际未做的虚拟意义) A piece of evidence shows (A) that life may exist (B) on earth (C) 38 billion years ago (D) . (答案：B may have existed,表示根据逻辑推理对过去事情作出的可能性推测) I got up early (A) but I didn't need to do (B) so, because (C) I had no work to do (D) that morning. (答案：B needn't have done,表示做了不必做的事) He knew (A) that she mustn't have taken (B) the book as (C) she hadn't been (D) in the house at that time. (答案：B couldn't have taken,表示对过去的否定推测) ［辨错思路］ 反复阅读题句,正确理解句子的含义,确定其表达推测、判断的语气是强烈还是缓和(委婉),语义是禁止、允许、劝阻、警告、评论还是惋惜,据此辨别句中划线的情态动词用词是否准确,所接动词形式是否符合语义要求,从而找出错误所在。从以往试题来看,有关情态动词的错误大都设置在该接动词完成式而误用一般式,请考生注意这一点。 ［改错要领］ 把握不同的情态动词加动词不定式完成式表示的各种意义： 1.must have+过去分词,表示对过去情况的强烈肯定推测,译为"(昨天)一定…"。 2.can't/couldn't have+过去分词,表示对过去情况的强烈否定推测,译为"(昨天)一定没…"。 3.may/might have+过去分词,表示对已发生的事情作不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为"也许…"。 4.needn't have+过去分词,表示作了不必做的事,译为"其实没必要…"。 5.should(n't)have+过去分词,表示应该做其事,但实际上未做或不应该做但实际上做了,译为"本(不)应该…"。 6.ought to have+过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,译为"该…"。 7.could have+过去分词,表示过去本来可以做,但却未做,译为"完全可以…"。 注意下面几个情态动词的习惯用法： had better do…(没有不定式符号to) had better not do…(not的位置不在had后面) would like to do…(带to) would not like to do…(注意not的位置) used to do…(to后接动词原形,不是ing形式) 四、非谓语动词常见错误设置及答题思路 ［常见错误］ 1.该用不定式作宾语而错用了动名词,或反之。 2.该用不定式完成式而错用了一般式。 3.该用不定式或动名词被动态而错用了主动态。 4.该用过去分词而错用了现在分词。 5.分词放在句首时,其逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,构成垂悬分词的错误。 例句： Not too many (A) years ago (B) , my mother jogged in the alley behind our house because she was embarrassed to see (C) jogging in public (D) . (答案：C to be seen,与she是受动关系) You will (A) almost always find (B) Caroline playing (C) a video game because she enjoys to be challenged (D) . (答案：D being challenged, enjoy要求动名词作宾语) When the tank car carried (A) the poisonous gas ran off (B) the rails, the firemen tried to isolate the village from (C) all traffic (D) . (答案：A carrying,与逻辑主语car为施动关系,即"车载着…"  People cannot but (A) feel puzzling (B) , for they simply cannot (C) understand how he could have made (D) such a stupid mistake. (答案：B puzzled,过去分词表示承受动作后所处的状态) Mr.Jankin regretted to blame (A) his secretary for (B) the mistake, for (C) he later discovered (D) it was his own fault. (答案：A having blamed,此处regret要求接动名词,其完成式表明blame发生在regret之前) When I consider how talented he is (A) as a painter (B) , I cannot help but believing (C) that the public (D) will appreciate his gift. (答案：C believe,习惯用法cannot help but do) The bank is reported (A) in the (B) local newspaper to be robbed (C) in broad (D) daylight yesterday. (答案：C to have been robbed, yesterday是修饰不定式的,用完成式表示动作已发生) Using (A) English as a tool, some data (B) may be collected (C) for (D) the research work. (答案：A可以考虑改为If we use,全句最好改为If we use English as a tool, we can collect some data for the research work.句子的主语data不可能作分词using的逻辑主语) |
3楼2006-04-01 12:35:10
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辨错思路 注意查找句中表示虚拟语气的线索和信号： 1.如果试题中出现连词if,应仔细研究句子的语义,分辨它引导的是真实条件,还是虚拟条件,如果是表示假定的虚拟语气意义,则看一下主、从句中的谓语动词是否采用了相应的形式。 2.看到一个句子时,一定要弄明白句中条件和结果两部分的时间所指,再看谓语动词形式是否与所指时间一致。 3.观察题句中是否出现表示建议、命令、意愿的词语(无论是动词、还是其派生出的形容词、名词),审查后接that从句中谓语是否用(should+)动词原形。 4.如果题句中出现主谓部分倒装结构,或without, but for等介词,则应考虑到它们有可能引导虚拟条件。 5.在确定谓语虚拟语气形式正确与否的同时,还要留意语态是否有误。 ［改错要领］ 1.熟记英语虚拟语气的主从句常规搭配形式 假设类型从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式 与现在事实相反动词过去式(Be动词were) would+动词原形 与过去事实相反had+过去分词would have+过去分词 与将来事实相反should+动词原形were to+动词原形would+动词原形 2.熟记下列表示命令、意愿、建议的动词作谓语时,其宾语从句动词要求用原形： advise, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, insist, maintain, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge. 3.熟记下列形容词后接that从句时,从句中谓语动词需用原形： advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, preferable, vital, natural. 4.熟记下列名词后接that从句时,从句中谓语动词需用原形： advice, command, demand, importance, insistance, motion, necessity, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion, wish, condition, decision. 5.除if外,下列连词(或相当于连词)引导状语从句时,从句中谓语动词有时要用虚拟形式： even if, even though, as if, as though, lest, for fear that, in case, suppose, supposing. 6.下列介词和副词常用来引导让步假设和转折假设： but for, without/with, otherwise, but, or else. 7.下列固定句型需使用虚拟语气： …would rather that…动词过去式/过去完成式… It is(high)time that…动词过去式… If only…动词过去式/过去完成式 If it were/had been not for… |
2楼2006-04-01 12:33:29
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［辨错思路］ 1.首先要分辨动词的谓语形式与非谓语形式。如果题句中有两个动词形式划有横线,考生要分析句子的结构和语义,判断出哪个是谓语,哪个是非谓语,因为一个简单句或分句中不可能出现两个彼此间无连词连接的谓语。 2.在判定某个动词形式应为非谓语后,要辨别其应当是不定式,还是-ing形式或-ed分词。 3.在确定某一非谓语形式后,还要审查其时态语态是否有误；一般说来,已经发生了的动作用完成式,与逻辑主语的关系是受动,用被动态或过去分词。 4.注意非谓语动词的否定式是将否定词置于非谓语动词之前；据此判断否定词的位置是否有误。 5.观察分析句中的时间状语是修饰谓语动词,还是修饰非谓语动词,如果是后者,辨其时态是否有误。 6.不定式和分词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语,否则不定式的逻辑主语应视情况用for, of引导,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,据此判断是否存在垂悬分词的错误。 ［改错要领］ 1.注意动词的不同接续要求。下列动词要求接不定式作宾语： afford, agree, attempt, decide, fail, manage, expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, refuse, tend, pretend, ask, claim, offer, determine, arrange. 2.熟记下列动词要求接动名词作宾语： acknowledge, admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, hate, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favour, finish, include, resent, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, resist, stand, risk. 3.掌握某些动词不同接续要求的不同含义： forget to do sth.忘记了去做某事 forget doing sth.忘记已做了某事 remember to do sth.记住要去做某事 remember doing sth.记住了已做某事 stop to do sth.停下去做某事 stop doing sth.停下在做的某事 regret to tell(say, announce)sb.遗憾地告诉某人… regret doing sth.对已做了的事表示后悔、遗憾 try to do sth.试图去做某事 try doing sth.试着做了某事 mean to do sth.打算做某事 mean doing意味着… 4.注意下列短语中的to是介词,后面应接动名词： object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, be committed to, be exposed to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be contrary to, with regard to, with a view to, as to, in contrast to 5.注意下列后接动名词的习惯用法： ①It’s no use doing…但是：Its of no use to do… good picnic fun ②It is useless doing… senseless nuisance worthwhile ③There is no use(in)doing… point sense harm ④have difficulty doing… trouble problem ⑤have a good time doing… hard difficult ⑥spend(time) wastedoing… ⑦be worth doing… busy ⑧feel like doing… ⑨can’t help doing… 6.下列习惯用语中都带有but,后面都接不带to的不定式： can not help but do… can not but do… can do nothing but do… can not choose but do… can not do anything but do… 但是：have nochoice but to do… alternative 7.下列动词、介词后接动名词具有主动形式、被动含义,注意不要再用动名词被动态： sth. be worth doing比较：It’s worthwhile doing sth. past beyond sth. need doing want require demand bear deserve |
4楼2006-04-01 12:36:44
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五、一致关系常见错误设置及答题思路 ［常见错误］ 一致关系包括主语与谓语、代词与所指代的名词在人称和数上要保持一致两个方面。 1.主语是单数,谓语却是复数形式,或反之,主谓不一致的错误常出现在下列结构中： ①主谓倒装结构； ②主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰,所以距离较远,考生易误认主语； ③动名词短语或不定式短语作主语； ④主语带有with或such as等附加成分； ⑤关系代词作主语的定语从句； ⑥某些固定结构。 2.代词与所指代的名词不一致的错误常常是： ①在数上不一致； ②在人称上不一致； ③在格上不一致； ④出现在从属结构中。 例句： On each (A) side of the highway was (B) hundreds of billboards advertising (C) everything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit (D) and bedspreads.(1995年考题) (答案：B were,倒装结构,主语是hundreds of…) The amount of pressure (A) which (B) the materials are subject (C) to affect (D) the quality of the products. (答案：D affects,主语与谓语之间有较长修饰语) Transforming (A) raw materials into (B) useful products are (C) called manufacturing (D) . (答案：C is,主语是动名词短语) The dean of the college together with some other (A) faculty members are planning (B) a conference for the purpose of (C) laying down certain (D) regulations. (答案：B is planning,主语有附加语) There are many valuable services (A) which the public are (B) willing to pay for, but which (C) does not (D) bring a return in money to the community. (答案：D do not,第二个关系代词which作主语,先行词是services) One of the world's largest (A) salt mines lie (B) directly under (C) rhe city (D) of Detroit. (答案：B lies,主语是one) George is one (A) of the graduate students who (B) has (C) got a part time (D) job. (答案：C have,与先行词students一致) Mr.Wang is the only one (A) of the teachers in (B) our university who (C) own (D) a car. (答案：D owns,与先行词one一致) 注意：上面三个带one的句子对谓语数的影响。 Many a (A) problem concerning the agricultural production (B) have been (C) solved this way (D) . (答案：C has been,与a problem在语法上一致) It was during the 1920's that (A) the friendship between (B) the two American writers Heminingway and Fitzgerald reached their (C) highest (D) point. (答案：C its,指代friendship,在数上一致) Each cigarette which a person smokes does (A) some (B) harm, and eventually you (C) may get a serious disease from its (D) effect. (答案：C he,指代a person,在人称上一致) It is required by law that a husband have to pay (A) the debts of his wife until (B) formal notice is given that (C) he no longer has to pay her (D) . (答案：D to pay them,指代debts,在人称和数上一致) His achievements have earned him (A) respect from (B) both his colleagues and those (C) whose positions are higher than he (D) . (答案：D his,指代his position,在格上一致) ［辨错思路］ 1.一般说来,测试主谓一致的试题主语都有修饰语或附加成分,因此,考生应仔细阅读句子,找出主语、谓语。如果谓语划有横线,就应考虑是否存在主谓不一致的错误。 2.主谓不一致错误的特点之一是,如果谓语应是单数,谓语前面的名词往往是复数；如果谓语应是复数,谓语前面的名词往往是单数(如1995年辨错改错题5),以形成假象,增大辨错难度。 3.在倒装结构中测试主谓一致的试题往往是表示地点的短语放置句首,谓语是表示状态的动词be, lie, stand, stay等,考生在辨错时注意这一规律。 4.如果作主语的名词既可表示单数又可表示复数意义,考生应善于利用句中出现的代词、限定词或数词等暗示来判断题句中主语表示的数的概念,进而分析谓语动词是否有误。 5.一个句子含有不止一个名词时,要分辨代词是否正确,关键是要搞清楚指代对象,然后再进一步分析是否在性、数、格、人称上与指代对象一致。 ［改错要领］ 在纠正一致关系错误时,除了了解一般的单复数概念外,还应掌握下列各特殊情况。 1.貌似单数、实是复数的词,包括data等不规则变化的复数名词,和只用作复数意义的词如police以及根据情况有时用作复数意义的集合名词如committee。 2.貌似复数、实是单数的名词,包括表示学科的词如politics；固定复数形式的词如means, series, species等。 注意：上面两种情况切不可望形生义。 3.动名词短语、不定式短语和名词从句作主语时,谓语用单数,如果用and连接上述相同的两个成分时,谓语则用复数。 4.主语带有as well as, accompanied by等附加成分时,该主语的数不受附加成分的影响。 5.两组结构相同但先行词不同导致从句中谓语数之不同的情况： one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句,先行词是复数名词,从句中谓语用复数。 the only one+复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句,先行词是one,从句中谓语用单数。 6.两组用法易混淆的含of的短语作主语时,谓语的数视名词的冠词而变：是不定冠词a,用复数；是定冠词the,用单数。 a number of…一些… the number of……的数量 a variety of……各种各样的… 注意：the majority of+复数名词, "…的大多数",谓语用复数。 7.四组并列连词连接的主语,其谓语动词的单复数取决于靠近动词的主语： either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, or。 8.三个固定用法的谓语的数单纯取决于主语数的形式,而不考虑主语数的实际意义： many a+单数名词谓语用单数 more than one+单数名词谓语用单数 a great good many+复数名词谓语用复数 9.由each, every修饰的名词,用第三人称单数指代。 10."those of+人称代词"构成短语时,指代短语的代词与短语中人称代词保持一致： those of us our those of you your 11.注意it is的缩写形式it’s与代词it的所有格形式its的区别,参见样题辨错改错(9)。 六、倒装结构常见错误设置及答题思路 ［常见错误］ 1.虚拟语气条件从句省略了连词if,主谓应倒装而未倒装。 2.句中含有要求必须倒装的词或句型,句子却用正常语序。 3.有的已倒装结构中采用助动词前置后,动词没有作相应变化。 4.在no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句中其后的形容词、副词没有随其移置主谓语之前而产生倒装。 5.在the more引导的比较从句中,其所修饰的名词没有随之移置主谓语之前而产生倒装。6.疑问词引导的名词从句不应倒装而倒装。 |
5楼2006-04-01 12:38:43
