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[交流] 【求助】【固体化学】试题求助

小弟的亲戚家孩子在米国学习,没学过固体化学,本人以前学材料的看了看也不大会,不才来求教各位哥哥姐姐几道固体化学的题:

1.        Using the Sanderson’s method, estimate the effect of partial charges on radii in the compound AX2 such that ( A = alkaline earth, X= halide). Hint: First, evaluate the electronegativity and screening constant, then the partial charge. Calculate the radii of the partially charged atoms. Finally, calculate the bond distance for A-X, based upon your results. Given: SA= 1.69, SX=4.72, ∆SC for A=3.14, SC for X=5.27; rC(A)=1.74Å, rC(X)=0.99Å, B(A)=0.50, B(X)=2.01.
1.        使用桑德森方法,估计化合物AX2的部分电荷半径(甲=碱土金属,x =卤)。提示:第一,评估和筛选的电常数,那么部分费用。计算的部分带电原子半径。最后,计算距离为AX的债券,根据你的结果为基础。设: SA= 1.69, SX=4.72, ∆SC for A=3.14, SC for X=5.27; rC(A)=1.74Å, rC(X)=0.99Å, B(A)=0.50, B(X)=2.01.




3.        Plutonium metal undergoes a phase transition when heated to 750K, changing from a fcc structure with a = 463.7 pm to a bcc structure with a = 363.8 pm. Determin the peak positions expected in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern (λ = 154 pm) of plutonium metal above and below 750K in the 2θ range 0-75°. How would the expansion of plutonium metal, on heating above 750K, affect the form of the diffraction pattern?
3 的钚金属加热到750K时发生相变,从a = 463.7 pm面心立方结构转变为a= 363.8 pm体心立方体结构。 使粉末X -射线衍射图的尖峰(λ= 154时预期的钚金属750K的上方和下方)在2θ范围0-75 °的位置。解释金属钚超出750K的加热,会怎样影响衍射图的形式?


4.        A compound of stoichiometry KNbTiO5 may be prepared via two methods: (i) reaction of K2CO3, Nb2O5 and TiO2 at high temperature and (ii) reaction of Li2CO3, Nb2O5 and TiO2 at high temperature, followed by stirring the product with potassium nitrate solution at 50°C. The products have different structures. Explain.
化合物的化学计量KNbTiO5可能准备通过两种方式:(一)碳酸钾,Nb2O5和TiO2反应在高温和(二)碳酸锂,铌和TiO2在高温下反应,通过搅拌与硝酸钾溶液在随后的产品50℃该产品具有不同的结构。请解释。


5.        Calculate a tolerance ratio for perovskite PbTiO3 taking the ionic radii as 1.68Å (Pb2+),
0.745Å( Ti4+) and 1.26Å(O2-). This material is a ferroelectric. Explain this behavior in terms of likely ion displacements.
计算钙钛矿钛酸铅的耐受性,比了以离子半径为1.68Å(), 0.745Å(Ti4)和1.26Å(O2 -)的。这种材料具有铁电性。考虑离子位移的条件来解释这种的行为。




6.The rutile structure consists of edge sharing MO6  octahedra as shown in the figure below. Using                this description, which d-orbital on the metal on the metal can be used to form a band through              overlap with wimilar d-orbitals on neighboring metal atoms? Would you expect TiO2  or VO2 to exhibit metallic properties.
6 金红石结构组成,如下图所示分享MO6八面体的边缘。运用 这说明,哪一个金属d –轨道可以与对邻近金属原子轨道被用来形成一个化学键?请预测二氧化钛或二氧化钒所呈现金属特性。


7.        Given that the cell parameter for calcium oxide, which crystallizes with the sodium chloride structure, is 483 pm, calculate the lattice energy for CaO. Why is the second ionization potential for calcium much greater than the first despite forming a stable closed-shell configuration.
鉴于为氧化钙,它与氯化钠晶体结构晶胞参数相同,晶格参数为是483pm,计算钙的晶格能。为什么是钙比第一更大的潜力,尽管第二电离电位形成一个稳定的闭壳配置。


9.        Preparation of cobalt aluminate from CoO and Al2O3 requires a reaction temperature of 1200°C. How could the reaction temperature be lowered? What would be a suitable choice of reaction vessel.
制备铝酸钴(化学特性钴蓝尖晶石颜料)从CoO的和Al2O3需要1200 ° C的高温,的反应温度怎么能反应温度降低?什么将是一个合适的反应容器的选择。
CoO( S)+Al2O3(S)=CoAl2O4(S)
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