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1.        Using the Sanderson¡¯s method, estimate the effect of partial charges on radii in the compound AX2 such that ( A = alkaline earth, X= halide). Hint: First, evaluate the electronegativity and screening constant, then the partial charge. Calculate the radii of the partially charged atoms. Finally, calculate the bond distance for A-X, based upon your results. Given: SA= 1.69, SX=4.72, ∆SC for A=3.14, SC for X=5.27; rC(A)=1.74Å, rC(X)=0.99Å, B(A)=0.50, B(X)=2.01.
1£®        ʹÓÃÉ£µÂÉ­·½·¨£¬¹À¼Æ»¯ºÏÎïAX2µÄ²¿·ÖµçºÉ°ë¾¶£¨¼×=¼îÍÁ½ðÊô£¬x =±£©¡£Ìáʾ£ºµÚÒ»£¬ÆÀ¹ÀºÍɸѡµÄµç³£Êý£¬ÄÇô²¿·Ö·ÑÓ᣼ÆËãµÄ²¿·Ö´øµçÔ­×Ó°ë¾¶¡£×îºó£¬¼ÆËã¾àÀëΪAXµÄծȯ£¬¸ù¾ÝÄãµÄ½á¹ûΪ»ù´¡¡£É裺 SA= 1.69, SX=4.72, ∆SC for A=3.14, SC for X=5.27; rC(A)=1.74Å, rC(X)=0.99Å, B(A)=0.50, B(X)=2.01.




3.        Plutonium metal undergoes a phase transition when heated to 750K, changing from a fcc structure with a = 463.7 pm to a bcc structure with a = 363.8 pm. Determin the peak positions expected in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern (¦Ë = 154 pm) of plutonium metal above and below 750K in the 2¦È range 0-75¡ã. How would the expansion of plutonium metal, on heating above 750K, affect the form of the diffraction pattern?
3 µÄîнðÊô¼ÓÈȵ½750Kʱ·¢ÉúÏà±ä£¬´Óa = 463.7 pmÃæÐÄÁ¢·½½á¹¹×ª±äΪa= 363.8 pmÌåÐÄÁ¢·½Ìå½á¹¹¡£ ʹ·ÛÄ©X -ÉäÏßÑÜÉäͼµÄ¼â·å£¨¦Ë= 154ʱԤÆÚµÄîнðÊô750KµÄÉÏ·½ºÍÏ·½£©ÔÚ2¦È·¶Î§0-75 ¡ãµÄλÖ᣽âÊͽðÊôîг¬³ö750KµÄ¼ÓÈÈ£¬»áÔõÑùÓ°ÏìÑÜÉäͼµÄÐÎʽ£¿


4.        A compound of stoichiometry KNbTiO5 may be prepared via two methods: (i) reaction of K2CO3, Nb2O5 and TiO2 at high temperature and (ii) reaction of Li2CO3, Nb2O5 and TiO2 at high temperature, followed by stirring the product with potassium nitrate solution at 50¡ãC. The products have different structures. Explain.
»¯ºÏÎïµÄ»¯Ñ§¼ÆÁ¿KNbTiO5¿ÉÄÜ×¼±¸Í¨¹ýÁ½ÖÖ·½Ê½£º£¨Ò»£©Ì¼Ëá¼Ø£¬Nb2O5ºÍTiO2·´Ó¦ÔÚ¸ßκͣ¨¶þ£©Ì¼Ëáﮣ¬îêºÍTiO2ÔÚ¸ßÎÂÏ·´Ó¦£¬Í¨¹ý½Á°èÓëÏõËá¼ØÈÜÒºÔÚËæºóµÄ²úÆ·50¡æ¸Ã²úÆ·¾ßÓв»Í¬µÄ½á¹¹¡£Çë½âÊÍ¡£


5.        Calculate a tolerance ratio for perovskite PbTiO3 taking the ionic radii as 1.68Å (Pb2+),
0.745Å( Ti4+) and 1.26Å(O2-). This material is a ferroelectric. Explain this behavior in terms of likely ion displacements.
¼ÆËã¸ÆîÑ¿óîÑËáǦµÄÄÍÊÜÐÔ£¬±ÈÁËÒÔÀë×Ӱ뾶Ϊ1.68Å£¨£©£¬ 0.745Å£¨Ti4£©ºÍ1.26Å£¨O2 -£©µÄ¡£ÕâÖÖ²ÄÁϾßÓÐÌúµçÐÔ¡£¿¼ÂÇÀë×ÓÎ»ÒÆµÄÌõ¼þÀ´½âÊÍÕâÖÖµÄÐÐΪ¡£




6.The rutile structure consists of edge sharing MO6  octahedra as shown in the figure below. Using                this description, which d-orbital on the metal on the metal can be used to form a band through              overlap with wimilar d-orbitals on neighboring metal atoms? Would you expect TiO2  or VO2 to exhibit metallic properties.
6 ½ðºìʯ½á¹¹×é³É£¬ÈçÏÂͼËùʾ·ÖÏíMO6°ËÃæÌåµÄ±ßÔµ¡£ÔËÓà Õâ˵Ã÷£¬ÄÄÒ»¸ö½ðÊôd ¨C¹ìµÀ¿ÉÒÔÓë¶ÔÁÚ½ü½ðÊôÔ­×Ó¹ìµÀ±»ÓÃÀ´ÐγÉÒ»¸ö»¯Ñ§¼ü£¿ÇëÔ¤²â¶þÑõ»¯îÑ»ò¶þÑõ»¯·°Ëù³ÊÏÖ½ðÊôÌØÐÔ¡£


7.        Given that the cell parameter for calcium oxide, which crystallizes with the sodium chloride structure, is 483 pm, calculate the lattice energy for CaO. Why is the second ionization potential for calcium much greater than the first despite forming a stable closed-shell configuration.
¼øÓÚΪÑõ»¯¸Æ£¬ËüÓëÂÈ»¯Äƾ§Ìå½á¹¹¾§°û²ÎÊýÏàͬ£¬¾§¸ñ²ÎÊýΪÊÇ483pm£¬¼ÆËã¸ÆµÄ¾§¸ñÄÜ¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´ÊǸƱȵÚÒ»¸ü´óµÄDZÁ¦£¬¾¡¹ÜµÚ¶þµçÀëµçλÐγÉÒ»¸öÎȶ¨µÄ±Õ¿ÇÅäÖá£


9.        Preparation of cobalt aluminate from CoO and Al2O3 requires a reaction temperature of 1200¡ãC. How could the reaction temperature be lowered? What would be a suitable choice of reaction vessel.
ÖÆ±¸ÂÁËáîÜ£¨»¯Ñ§ÌØÐÔîÜÀ¶¼â¾§Ê¯ÑÕÁÏ£©´ÓCoOµÄºÍAl2O3ÐèÒª1200 ¡ã CµÄ¸ßΣ¬µÄ·´Ó¦Î¶ÈÔõôÄÜ·´Ó¦Î¶ȽµµÍ£¿Ê²Ã´½«ÊÇÒ»¸öºÏÊʵķ´Ó¦ÈÝÆ÷µÄÑ¡Ôñ¡£
CoO( S)+Al2O3(S)=CoAl2O4(S)
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