| 查看: 233 | 回复: 1 | ||
| 当前主题已经存档。 | ||
[求助]
翻译求助，谢谢
|
||
|
The only departure from the principle that the whole body of masters was the true unit of university life was in the attainment by the faculty of arts of a position of predominance over the other faculties in some respects; the initiation of statutes was under its control, though it never succeeded in establishing the power to veto statutes after their passage; in 1252 a statute was passed that “no one should be admitted to the license in theology who had not previously been a regent in arts”; moreover, through the control of the body of non-regents by the artists, the faculty of arts had an ally that virtually doubled its weight in the deliberations of the university body. At the end of the thirteenth century, when the constitution of the University had become substantially settled, the system of government was as follows: (1) When the regent masters of arts met in a body for the purpose of transacting matters relating to their department, they were known as the Congregation of Regents in Arts, or more familiarly, the Black Congregation. They elected the two proctors, of whom the senior presided over their body when in session, though both were executive officers of the whole University. One of the most important of their duties was the celebration of inceptions in arts. Constitutionally more important, they had the authority to entertain a preliminary discussion of proposed statutes intended to bind the whole University; when assembled for that particular purpose, they were called the Previous Congregation. (2) Above the first body was a congregation of the regents of all the faculties, called the Lesser Congregation. It was virtually the legislature of the University. Matters of business, in the narrower sense, came before it, such as the management and disposition of its property and the details of income and expenditure. It elected the chancellor. Technical educational matters relating to the work of lecturers and scholars and the conferring of degrees were considered. Theoretically the chancellor himself conferred the degrees — the original licentiae docundi, — but the Lesser Congregation had the power to dispense by “graces” with some of the conditions earlier imposed, unless the dispensation were reserved by statute for the consideration of the Full Congregation. It was very easy to confuse the dispensation and the implied recommendation with the conferring of the degree, especially when the granting of the grace became a quite universal preliminary; the power of actually conferring the degree was accordingly lodged in this body later. (3) The third body was the congregation of all regents and non-regents, and was called the Great Congregation or Full Congregation. If the Lesser Congregation was the ordinary legislature of the University the Great Congregation might be regarded in some respects rather as a constitutional body. It alone had the power to pass a “permanent statute.” It also acted on some matters specially reserved for it. The separate faculties voted in separate places as units. The nonregents also voted as a separate unit and as such were called one of the faculties. In the administration of his court the chancellor brought his powers to bear on clerks in their contact not only with townsmen and the wider body of the king’s subjects but also with one another; in the latter class of relations his jurisdiction had increased largely at the expense of the Church, and consequently suffered less from the supervision or interference of the king or his courts. In 1280, when the University succeeded in defending the jurisdiction of the chancellor against the Bishop of Lincoln, and even secured from a provincial convocation of bishops a denial of the right to even exercise an appellate jurisdiction in the classes of cases in question, a judicial action of the chancellor was treated much as one of his administrative acts would be treated. An appeal lay from his decision to a Congregation of regents and then to a Great Congregation of regents and non-regents. Controversies of small importance, however, were heard by the Hebdomadarius, a bachelor of law appointed by the chancellor each week, as indicated by his official name; they might then be taken by appeal before the chancellor or some officer who should have his authority to act in his place; they might then be carried higher by appeal like other controversies. As a matter of practice, cases when appealed to the congregations were not heard bythem directly and in full session, but by boards of delegates of each faculty selected for the purpose. It may be said, then, that in the regulation of the relations of masters and scholars to one another or to the University, a system of specially designed courts had developed in the Hebdomadarius, the chancellor or his representative, and the boards of appeal of the congregations. |
回复此楼» 猜你喜欢
酰胺脱乙酰基
已经有9人回复
-
有时候真觉得大城市人没有县城人甚至个体户幸福
已经有3人回复
-
CSC & MSCA 博洛尼亚大学能源材料课题组博士/博士后招生｜MSCA经费充足、排名优
已经有5人回复
-
有70后还继续奋斗在职场上的吗？
已经有6人回复
-
博士延得我，科研能力直往上蹿
已经有7人回复
-
退学或坚持读
已经有27人回复
-
面上基金申报没有其他的参与者成吗
已经有5人回复
-
遇见不省心的家人很难过
已经有22人回复
sammi_deng
金虫 (正式写手)
- 翻译EPI: 11
- 应助: 0 (幼儿园)
- 金币: 915.9
- 红花: 1
- 帖子: 360
- 在线: 53.5小时
- 虫号: 946500
- 注册: 2010-01-21
- 专业: 配位化学
2楼2010-04-06 12:40:15