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myfinalway木虫 (正式写手)
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求助高手翻译一篇The Welfare of Laboratory Animals里的节选段,如果翻译的好重金酬谢,比较长翻译其中一部分也可以: 5. SCIENTIFICALLY BASED HYBRID VIEWS ON ANIMAL WELFARE Scientists working with animal welfare seem to agree that accurate assessment of animal welfare should be based on a blend of these different theories. The theory put forward by Broom (1986, 1996) also holds elements of perfectionism in that it is the ability of the animal to function according to its nature that counts. Moreover, Broom also states that the measuring of welfare should include behavioural and physiological indicators of pleasure – thus making pleasure count which is clearly a hedonistic approach (Broom 1996). A previously mentioned theory on welfare is that of Dawkins (1990). It is based on hedonism, but relates to several other theories. Dawkins (1990) states that: “Suffering occurs when unpleasant subjective feelings are acute or continue for a long time, because the animal is unable to carry out the actions that would normally reduce risks to life and reproduction in those circumstances.” So, suffering originates from not being able to cope by using evolutionary-determined, species-specific behaviours. So far, suffering, and thus poor welfare, relates to hedonism, perfectionism and the biological functioning of the animal. But furthermore, according to Dawkins, not being able to do what you want will result in mental states which negatively 12 SØRENSEN impact on the animal’s welfare. Hence not having one’s preferences fulfilled will lead to a decrease in welfare. Dawkins (1990) provides this example: “Wild birds may have little chance of surviving, if they do not migrate, so the caged one (of the same species and well cared for) is behaving ‘as if’ death through failure to migrate were very likely. In other words, the canonical costs (risks to fitness) of not migrating may be very small, but the animal may suffer nevertheless.” So in fact, Dawkins’ view represents a mixture of many philosophical approaches to the nature of welfare. Such a hybrid view is also presented by Simonsen (1996), whose definition shares qualities with most of the previously mentioned theories. This definition states that: “Animal welfare consists of the animals’ positive and negative experiences. Important negative experiences are pain and frustration and important positive experiences are expressed in play, performance of appetitive behaviour and consummatory acts. Assessment of animal welfare must be based on scientific knowledge and practical experience related to behaviour, health and physiology.” (Simonsen 1996). The first part of the definition is truly hedonic in character. Poor welfare originates in negative experiences or mental states such as pain and frustration. The second part involving positive experiences does not mention the positive experiences in themselves, but rather their expression. It is reasonable to assume that the animal would prefer to have the opportunity to perform behavioural patterns such as play, appetitive behaviour and consummatory behaviour, since these behaviours express good welfare. Not being able to perform these behaviours will lead to frustration and hence to reduced welfare (as frustration is a negative mental state). The second part of the definition put forward by Simonsen is therefore related to preference theories. Moreover, the behavioural patterns mentioned by Simonsen, are species-specific normal behaviours. Performing these behaviours is connected to experiencing good welfare, and therefore elements of perfectionism are present. The five freedoms, as described by Webster (2001) relate to all of the above mentioned theories on animal welfare: Freedom from hunger and thirst Freedom from physical discomfort and pain Freedom from injury and disease Freedom from fear and distress Freedom to conform to essential behaviour patterns The first four freedoms all pertain to aversive experiences and thus relates to hedonism. However, it is possible for an animal to be sick without ANIMAL WELFARE - AN INTRODUCTION 13 perceiving it, and still the disease would affect the animal’s natural functioning, one of which is reproduction. For example, if a pregnant rat is infected with Kilham rat virus, the infection will not affect the pregnant rat, but if the virus crosses the placental barrier, it may result in abortion or malformations of the developing foetuses. And if an animal is distressed (the fourth freedom), it is most likely experiencing a situation difficult to cope with. In both cases the natural functioning of the animal has been compromised. The last of the five freedoms clearly relates to Perfectionism – the animal must be allowed to express natural species-specific behaviour to have good welfare. Unfortunately, the formulation is rather vague, failing to define the term “essential behaviour patterns.” 6. CONCLUSION If the serum level of corticosterone is increased, we conclude that the animal is acutely stressed. The crucial question is then: “Why is an elevated corticosterone level an indicator of poor animal welfare?” Is it because the natural functioning of the animal is jeopardised? Or is it because the animal experiences an aversive situation? Or is it because the animal is not allowed to display its natural behaviour? Working with animals, scientists have proposed that the assessment of animal welfare should include a mixture of different philosophical theories such as hedonism, perfectionism and preference theories. Intuitively, this holistic approach considering the entire animal is appealing. However, in many cases the conclusion drawn on the basis of a scientific evaluation of animal welfare will depend on how the nature of welfare is defined. Consider a dog having behavioural problems caused by fear of being left alone. The anxiety-related behaviour can be eliminated using psychotherapeutic drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants. The medication enables the dog to be at home alone without showing any signs of fear or anxiety. If the dog is not feeling anxious or frightened then, according to a hedonist, the welfare of this dog is not compromised. And if the dog does not have an unfulfilled preference for company, the preference theoretic does not see any problems, either. However, according to a perfectionist there is a reduction in welfare, since the dogs natural functioning and behaviour is compromised (dogs are pack animal and therefore it is natural for a dog to be anxious when left alone). So there is no simple answer to what constitutes animal welfare. That makes it even more important that, when evaluating animal welfare, the underlying assumptions regarding which values are important for animal welfare are made explicit. |
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3楼2009-12-25 09:26:18
2楼2009-12-25 09:07:47
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myfinalway(金币+3,VIP+0): 12-25 13:46
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5. SCIENTIFICALLY BASED HYBRID VIEWS ON ANIMAL WELFARE 5. 以科学眼光多角度地审视动物福利问题 Scientists working with animal welfare seem to agree that accurate assessment of animal welfare should be based on a blend of these different theories. 从事动物福利工作的科学家似乎都同意，准确地评估动物福利应该建立在融合不同理论的基础上。 |
4楼2009-12-25 10:25:48
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myfinalway(金币+60,VIP+0): 12-25 13:47
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ANIMAL WELFARE Scientists working with animal welfare seem to agree that accurate assessment of animal welfare should be based on a blend of these different theories. The theory put forward by Broom (1986, 1996) also holds elements of perfectionism in that it is the ability of the animal to function according to its nature that counts. Moreover, Broom also states that the measuring of welfare should include behavioural and physiological indicators of pleasure – thus making pleasure count which is clearly a hedonistic approach (Broom 1996). 动物福利 研究动物福利的学者看起来都赞同应在综合考虑不同理论的基础上来准确评价动物福利，这一理论是由Broom提出来的(1986,1996)，它也有至善主义的思想观点，认为根据其计数的本性而完成其任务是动物的能力。而且Broom还认为测量动物福利应该包括测量能体现其愉快程度的行为和生理指标-----因此获得快乐(满足)就是一种清楚的快乐主义方法(Broom 1996)。 A previously mentioned theory on welfare is that of Dawkins (1990). It is based on hedonism, but relates to several other theories. Dawkins (1990) states that: “Suffering occurs when unpleasant subjective feelings are acute or continue for a long time, because the animal is unable to carry out the actions that would normally reduce risks to life and reproduction in those circumstances.” So, suffering originates from not being able to cope by using evolutionary-determined, species-specific behaviours. So far, suffering, and thus poor welfare, relates to hedonism, perfectionism and the biological functioning of the animal. But furthermore, according to Dawkins, not being able to do what you want will result in mental states which negatively 12 SØRENSEN impact on the animal’s welfare. Hence not having one’s preferences fulfilled will lead to a decrease in welfare. Dawkins (1990) provides this example: “Wild birds may have little chance of surviving, if they do not migrate, so the caged one (of the same species and well cared for) is behaving ‘as if’ death through failure to migrate were very likely. In other words, the canonical costs (risks to fitness) of not migrating may be very small, but the animal may suffer nevertheless.” Dawkins (1990)的动物福利理论曾经被提到过，它有享乐主义为基础，但也涉及到其它的几种理论，Dawkins (1990)认为：“当不愉快的主观感受突然发生或持续较长的时间时，动物福利就受到了损害，因为动物无法完成某些行为，这些行为可普遍地减少其生存风险并在类似的环境中重现这些行为。”因此，动物由进化决定的物种特异性行为不能复制(用于这种环境)是动物福利受损害的根源。至今，动物受痛苦或福利很低是与享乐主义、至善主义和动物的生物功能相对的。而更进一步，根据Dawkins的说法，不能做自己想做的事会导致精神的消极而影响到动物的福利。因此，不能实现某个人(动物)的喜好将会导致其福利的降低。Dawkins (1990)列举了这样一个例子：“野鸟如果不进行迁徙，它的生存机会很少，所以一只笼养的鸟(是同一种类，并被很好地照料)也‘似乎’死了，因为它极可能无法迁徙。换句话说，不能迁徙而导致的真正的风险(适应本地环境的风险)是很少的，但它确实承受了这种风险。 So in fact, Dawkins’ view represents a mixture of many philosophical approaches to the nature of welfare. Such a hybrid view is also presented by Simonsen (1996), whose definition shares qualities with most of the previously mentioned theories. This definition states that: “Animal welfare consists of the animals’ positive and negative experiences. Important negative experiences are pain and frustration and important positive experiences are expressed in play, performance of appetitive behaviour and consummatory acts. Assessment of animal welfare must be based on scientific knowledge and practical experience related to behaviour, health and physiology.” (Simonsen 1996). 因此事实上，Dawkins的观点代表了关于福利本性的许多哲学观点的混合体，Simonsen (1996)也持这种杂合的观点，他的定义综合了前面提到过的各种理论，他是这样描述的：“动物福利是由动物的积极和消极体验所组成的，重要的消极体验是痛苦和失意的，而重要的积极体验则是在其游戏、对欲求行为和终结行为的完成过程中表达出来的。动物福利的评价必须建立于与动物行为、健康和生理有关的科学知识的基础之上。 |
5楼2009-12-25 11:46:36
