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linghuazhi2002银虫 (小有名气)
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Chain-react,slurb,meritocrat,disaffiliate Break a connection with an organization Culture 1.ways of greeting and addressing people问候与称呼。 2.the use of self-deprecation（ 自谦 ）strategies in expressing modesty. 3.invasion of privacy.侵犯隐私 4.over-simplification. Some related disciplines Anatomy解剖学；biochemistry生物化学； Cardiology;cardiovascular;dermatology;endocrinology内分泌学;gerontology老年医学;gynaecology and obstetrics;hygienic statistics;immunology;microbiology;molecular biology;nephrology肾病学;neurophathology;ophthalmology;orthopaedics骨科学;otolaryngology耳鼻喉科学;pathology;pathophysiology;physiology;stomatology;tissular embryology;venereology性病学 Lexicology Latin words:eg. a.m. cf. viz. Greek words:pyramid organism French words:ballet boulevard cuisine Chinese elements:Taoism litchi ginseng li Kuomingtang land reform Four Modernizations Confucianism British and American English Flat---apartment underground---subway Coach---bus lorry---truck film---movie Pavement---sidewalk homework---assignment post---mail match---game Football---soccer lift---elevator Petrol---gasoline fridge---icebox Holiday---vacation post code---zip code Shop---store autumn---fall luggage---baggage Semantic and Pragmatic meaning 1.Pragmatic meaning语用意义 A.It is cold in here. B.The donkey! C.Can I put this on? D.a:I am hungry b:I lend you money. 2.Semantic meaning语义意义 Polysemy一词多义； Hyponymy 上下义Synonymy同义关系； Antonymy反义关系 1.Polysemy Board:a piece of wood---a flat surface used for playing a game on( a flat material fastened to the wall to pin notice on) a piece of wood---table for meals(desk for meeting)---meals or a committee. 2.Hyponymy(superordinate上义词 and subordinate下义词) bush pine Living---plant---tree----oak flower maple Colour---black;yellow;green;white;red(pink粉红;scarlet猩红;vermilion朱红;crimson绯红;ruby深红) 3.Synonymy How to distinguish Synonyms A.Stylistic level文体:colloquial口语体(informal);common普通体;formal正式体 nag/gee-gee;horse;steed/charger ?He mounted on the gee-gee. child/kid;decline/go down;penalty/fine; commence/begin;endeavour/try;ascend/ mount/rise;purchase/buy;virtually/almost B.Degree of emphasis强调的程度 Big and Large are both commonly used words,but Large is more formal and may be used to describe things that are unusually Big,so it is more emphatic than Big,Huge is more emphatic than Large. corpse[+Human]/carcass[+Animal] fry[-Water]/boil[+Water]escape[+Effect]/flee[+Hurry] fall[+Consciousness]/topple[-Consciousness] comfortable modest(laudatory褒义)/humble(derogatory贬义) statesman/politician homely/ugly envious/jealous singer/vocalist donkey/ass childlike/childish slim/skinny little/small D.Collocation搭配:large(amount/number/quantity)/great(courage/confidence/ability/wisdom);accuse—of/charge—with/denounce—to;make a mistake/commit a crime;sour milk/rotten egg; ? The man badly wished John to leave. Collocation is determined by grammatical rule and semantic feature. ?1.He elapsed the man. ?2.He frightened that he was coming. ?3.He elapsed a week ago. ?4.The man frightened the idea. ?5.He organized his supporter into a political group. ?6.The girl assembled. 4.Antonyms A.Contraries相对反义词:beautiful—pretty—good-looking—plain—homely—ugly rich—well-to-do—well-off—hard up—poor B.Complementaries互补反义词:alive—dead;married—single;male—female;boy—girl 3.Conversives换位反义词:buy—sell;give—receive; Lend—borrow;husband—wife;parent--child Context上下文 fresh bread(stale);fresh air(stuffy);fresh flowers(faded);He looked fresh(tired). An old man /An old house; A tall man /A tall building refractory—docile(tame);evanescent—long diffident—confident;acquit---of—charge---with 1.Association联想Mediterranean;Atlantic;barbarian;embarrass; lullaby;lily 2.Semantic mapping Hold back hold down;hold off;hold on;hold up take/get/catch hold of HOLD(with hands)—shake hands a party/a MEETING/ a match break up/propose/vote/veto/take place(happen) conference/congress/convention Crime Crime—criminal[thief(theft);burglar(burglary); robber(robbery) kill/murder policeman—investigation(mystery)—detective arrest—accuse lawyer(barrister/solicitor/attorney) judge—jury—court—sentence Fill in the blanks One of the two__men was convicted at yesterday’s trial.Although his__defended him very well,he was found__by__.The__ __him two years in prison.He will probably be__after eighteen months.The other man was luckier.He was__and left the__smiling broadly. 1.Affixation词缀法2.Conversion转类法 3.Composition合成法 1.A.Negative Prefixes否定前缀：un-/non-/dis-/in-/im-/il-/ir-/mis- B.Prefixes of Time and Order:fore-/pre-/post-/ex-/re-/ C.Prefixes of Degree and Size:super-/sur-/sub-/under-/over-/mini-/hyper-/hypo-/ D.Number Prefixes:hemi-/semi-/uni-/mono-/bi-/di-/tri-/quadr-/penta-/hexa-/sept-/octa-/nona-/deci-/deca-/cent-/kilo-/ Some roots or stems词根 annu-(year) aud-(hear) bene-(good) cap-/-cept(take) clam-(shout) fus-(melt) tract-(draw) bio-(life) spec-(look) hydro-(water) scop-(watch) scrib-(write) Suffixes 后缀 A.Noun Suffixes:-er/-or/-eer/-crat/-ess/-let/-ette/-hood/-ship/-dom/-tion/-ment/-ing/-ness/-ity/ B.Adjective Suffixes:-ful/-less/-ish/-some/-like/-able/-al/-ous/-ive/-ary/-ic/-ly/-ing/-ed/ C.Verb Suffixes:-ify/-ize/-ate/-en/ D.Adverb Suffixes:-wise/-ward/-ly/ 2.Conversion A.a.—v. clear—to clear;narrow—to narrow B.a.—n. native—2natives;poor—the poor C.n.—a. stone bridge economy measure D.n.—v. fish—to fish; water—to water E.v.—n. to break—a break; to jump—a jump; break out—outbreak ;take off—takeoff ; have a look/think/try; take a look/turn; give a cry/start 3.Composition A.Compound Nouns:a. n.+n. bedroom handbag b. v.+ad./ ad.+v. sendoff/income/ runaway/ outbreak B.Compound Adjectives:a. n.+a. life-long/ duty-free/world-wide/snow-white/home-sick b. n.+present p. or past p. peaceloving/snow-covered/heart-felt/home-made/weather-beaten c. ad.+present p.or p.p. hard-working/well-informed/everlasting d. past p.+ad. A made-up face/a grown-up person C.Compound verbs a. n.+v. housekeep/babysit/sightsee b. a.+v. white-wash/safe-guard c. over or under+v. over-estimate/underdevelop D.Compound Adverbs a. ad.+n. upstairs/down-hill b. n.+prep.+n. eye to eye/ face to face 1.Shortening缩略法2.Blending拼缀法 1.V.O.A. /B.B.C. /E.E.C. /U.N. /ID /TB SOS /NATO/ UNESCO /OPEC /TOEFL phone/ plane/ photo /exam/ flu/ memo/ 2.brunch / Chinglish /motel /smog/ telecast Exercises:chain-react /slurb meritocrat / disaffiliate Reading skills and language skills Reading skills:Scanning,Skimming,Reading for thorough comprehension,Critical reading(extensive reading) Language skills:Vocabulary,Structure,Discourse(intensive reading) Dictionary Dangerous:adj. Able to or likely to cause danger:a dangerous drug/animal;It is dangerous to go too near the edge of the cliff. 我的处境很危险 Nonstandard,slang, Colloquial,obsolete, Archaic,dialectal, Derogatory,taboo. [U],[P],[S]: The police are here; have a think Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(LDOCE) Oxford Adanced Learners Dictionary of Current English(ALD) Websters New world Dictionary of the American Language(WNWD) What makes words difficult? The sploony urdle departed. 1.Either Sploony or Urdle must be a noun. 2.Sploony looks like an adjective. 3.If sploony were the noun,urdle would also be a noun. 1.She poured the water into a tock. A bucket,a bowl, a hole? 2.Then,lifting the tock, she drank. ? 3.Unfortunately,as she was setting it down again,the tock slipped from her hand and broke. ? 4.Only the handle remained in one piece. ? In order to repair the car,I shall need____ ? A ceolacanth is a kind of living fossil,first discovered when one was caught off Madagascar in 1938 A ceolacanth is a kind of__a.rock b.plant c.fish d.animal American Literature 1.The Colonial Period (Puritanism清教主义） 2.The Romantic Period(Romanticism-American Renaissance) 3.Realism 4.Naturalism 5.The 20th century American Literature Puritanism 1.Edwards(1703-1758)  ersonal Narrative自述He accepted the doctrine of predestination,original sin. 2.Franklin(1706-1790) He was a rare genius in human history.Everything seems to meet in this one man.He became almost everything:a printer,essayist,scientist,orator,states-man,philosopher,economist,ambassador The Autobiography自传 13Virtues:Temperance节制，Silence,Order,Resolution,Frugality,In-dustry,Sincerity,Justice,Moderation温和，Cleanliness,Tranquility,Chastity禁欲，Humility Romanticism 1.Irving:The Sketch Book见闻札记；The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷传说 2.Emerson:Nature论自然 3.Thoreau梭罗：Walden,or Life in the Woods林中生活 4.Hawthorne:The Scarlet Letter 5.Melville:Moby-Dick 6.Poets:Whitman; Dickinson; Poe Realism:Mark Twain(1835-1910) The Gilded Age镀金时代(1873);The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876); Life on the Mississippi(1883);The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1886) Naturalism  reiser(1871-1945)Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹（1900） An American Tragedy(1925) Survival of the fittest(Jungle law) The 20th century 1.Fitzgerald(1896-1940):The Great Gatsby writes about the frustration and despair resulting from the failure of the American dream. Hemingway(1898-1961) 1.The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起（1926）-bull-fighting. 2。A Farewell to Arms永别了，武器（1929） The experience in World War One gave him materials for his novels.(Lost Generation) 3.For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣(1940) 4.The Old Man and the Sea(1952) (A man may be destroyed ,but not defeated)(Death and Courage) A Day”s wait 1.Identify the cohesive elements and find out what each refers to Cohesion includes reference(pro-forms代词形式）and ellipsis省略 The general feeling is if positive recognition is given in the form of a compliment,that is the subjective opinion of another person and thus should be appreciated as a reflection of their similar good taste. 2.Rewrite the sentence as 2 or more sentences by removing co-ordinating conjunctions. He look at the children with surprise that he should know such words at his age and indignation that he should be permitted to use them. A.surprise that he should know such words at his age B.indignation that he should be permitted to use them (parallel平行) 3.Get the essential parts of the sentence(find nouns and its modifiers) The general feeling is X. Four types of Writing 1.Description(painting) 2.Narration(giving an account of) 3.Exposition(explaining) 4.Argumentation(convincing) A good argumentative essay 1.Your paper should have a debatable point.Bad themes:A.Mere statements of facts.B.Statements of personal preference. ?Ba Jin is my favorite author. 2.You have to provide sufficient evidence to convince the reader.Evidence includes:common knowledge;facts;examples;statistics and quotations from authorities. 3.Good logic:There are generally 2 ways of reasoning. 2 ways of reasoning 1.Inductive reasoning归纳推理is the more common way. 2.Deductive reasoning演绎推理。 It works on the model of syllogism三段论 A.the major premise;B.the minor premise;C. a conclusion. If A and B are true ,C is bound to be true. Interview is a meeting where a person is asked questions by another or others. Student A:You are a newspaper reporter.You want to write an article about “how to respond to compliments”.You are interviewing Student B. Student B:A reporter is going to ask you some questions about “how to respond to compliments”.Answer him or her politely. 在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。 闲聊时来句恭维话，往往让我们大多数人不知所措。 English syntax puts emphasis on Hypotaxis形合，chinese Parataxis意合. 1.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ 2。谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Criteria of Translation Faithfulness;Smoothness;Elegance.信；达；雅。 “I kep it from her arter I heard on it,”said Mr.Peggotty,”going on nigh a year. We was living then in a solitary place.”(from “David Copperfield”) “起那时俺听了消息后，”辟果提先生说，“瞒着她快一年了，俺们那时呆的地方挺背。” Process of Translation: 1.Comprehension理解 2.Expression表达 1.Comprehension A.He eats no fish and plays the game. B.He has written to me frequently since I was ill. ‘eat no fish’ is an allusion典故 ‘play the game’ is a phrase 他既忠诚又正直。 自从我病愈以来他经常给我写信（since I have been ill-病中) 1.Stative verbs静态动词such as:have;belong to;cost;own;think;find;forget;remember;hate;love;know;mind;understand;want;hear;see;feel;smell. |
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10楼2006-02-11 21:38:39
linghuazhi2002
银虫 (小有名气)
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2.Dynamic verbs动态动词include:A.verbs indicate transient action B.verbs indicate continuous action A.I have never heard of him since he graduated. B.The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it. 2.Expression:A.literal translation(metaphrase)直译 B.liberal translation(paraphrase)意译 A.shed crocodile tears; crack the case; a wait-and-see attitude; armed to the teeth; chain reaction; to kill two birds with one stone B.1.He bent solely upon profit. 2.We are here today and gone tomorrow. 3.“How much did you suffer?””plenty”,the old man said. 4.盼星星盼月亮 5。他要是有个三长两短 他惟利是图； 人生朝露； 你吃了多少苦头？一言难尽。老头说 1。为促进统一，就要有个适当方式。 2.It is a gloomy thing,however,to talk about one’s own past,with the day breaking.Turn me in some other direction before I go. 1.To promote the reunification of the motherland,we must find a proper means. 2。不过，在天亮时谈个人的往事真扫兴。我走之前，谈点别的吧。 3.“You shouldn’t be discouraged.”Mother said to us,we all shook our heads. Professor of Physics:What is matter? Student:Never mind. Professor:Then what is mind? Student:It doesn’t matter. 老师：什么是物质？（怎么啦？） 学生：不是精神。（没有关系） 师：那什么是精神？（那什么有关系？） 生：不是物质。（什么都没关系） 我想了片刻，觉得世界上讲西班牙语的人最善于辞令， 也许可以从他们身上学到点什么。你对他们中的一个人赞叹说，“我从来没见过这么漂亮的房子”，他马上答道，“您大驾光临，更使蓬荜生辉。”让你站在那儿，一脸尴尬。要想回敬他们是没有用的—不管说什么，最后他们总会占上风。 有一点很清楚：在所有得体的社交场合，最根本的就是保持镇定。 伊利莎法勒写过一本美国最早的有关礼仪方面的书。她在书中讲述了一个故事，阐明保持镇定的重要性。那是在新英格兰举行的一次高雅的宴会上，主人切鹅时，鹅不慎脱手，滑出了盘子，落在一位贵夫人的衣裙上。 要是我遇到这种情况，我会感到极为窘迫，恨不得悄悄找根绳子去上吊。 可是，这位主人却泰然自若。他极为平静而庄重地说，“夫人，您把那鹅给我，我将感激不尽。”要是我们的行为举止都能保持这种风度，摆脱局促不安，那我们的社交生活就会有趣得多。 如果我们牢记下面这一点，我们就会显得更加镇定自如： 每当有人恭维你时，他可能只是想和你说说话。唯一明智的回答就是由八个小小的字母构成两个简洁的小词：Thank you! 我在接受这种特定的恭维时， 表示最能完全接受的说法就是“恩，我们喜欢。” 但是，在千百次的应对中才会有一句真正巧妙的应答。 只有像多萝西帕克或乔治考夫曼这样的人才能应对自如。 A sonnet is a poem of 14lines,usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming. Iambic:a measure of poetry consisting of one weak beat followed by one strong beat,as in the word’alive’. Pentameter: a line of poetry with 5 main beats. 1.Petrarch’s sonnet is divided into 2 parts.The fisrt8 lines are called an octave with a rhyming pattern of abba,abba.(theme) The next 6 lines are called a sestet following a scheme cde,cde.(answer) 2.Shakespeare’s sonnet consists of 3 quatrains with a rhyming scheme abab,cdcd,efef and end with a couplet rhyming gg. Couplet:2 lines of poetry, one following the other,that are of equal length and end in the same sound.对句 So long /as men /can breathe/,or eyes/ can see, So long/ lives this /,and this/ gives life/ to thee. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate . Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st. So long as men can breathe,or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Diction of Translation 1.他们讲唯心，我们讲唯物。 2.Common be your prayer, Common be your purpose; Common be your deliberation, Common be your desires. 3.She is a good christian,a good parent,child,wife. 1.They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism. 2.愿同祈祷，目标无二；谋虑与共，意志合一。 3。她是一位虔诚的教徒，慈爱的母亲，孝顺的女儿，贤良的妻子。 4。理论水平/生活水平/劳动力水平不高/ 他的英语水平比我高/ 他们必须提高领导水平/ 开电视/开门/开船/开车/开机器/ 个人卫生/公共卫生/环境卫生/ 青山/天/铜/丝/史/工/蛙 教他们一些历史知识 4.theoretical level/living standards/the low quality of laborers/he knows more English than I/they should improve their art of leadership Personal hygiene/public health/environmental sanitation 5.搞改革，总难免要犯一些错误，这是历史经验证明的。 6.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 7.You nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and nearly tore the boat to pieces. 5.Mistakes are unavoidable in carrying out reforms,as past experience has proved. 6。帝国主义者的性格既残暴又狡猾。 7。当年我把一条活蹦乱跳的大鱼拖上船的时候，那家伙险些儿把那只船撞得粉碎。 Assignment:He will be a valuable acquisition to the teaching staff of our school. 他是我校教师队伍中一位新的骨干教师。 Outline:1.Thesis 2.Main idea:A.Sub-idea B.Sub-idea a.Supporting detail b.Supporting detail (fact 1; fact 2 ) 3.Conclusion The American writer Mark Twain once said, “I can live for 2 months on a good compliment.”That is to say,once given as a gift to different people,compliments mean one thing ---casting warm light on their lives. Compliments bring people closer to each other. The depressed people will feel encouraged by compliments. Conclusion:A good compliment is like a bright sun which is shining over the people. Ways of Developing Paragraphs(Topic Sentence) What Would Happen If There Were No Power 1.Ever since this century,electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. 2.If there were power, 3.Therefore, 1.?We have had electricity. ?power is the most important one. 2.?We couldn’t live and work. ?People would use fire to light the room in the evening. ?We wouldn’t be happy. All things would be in a mess. Things would be quite different. 3.?power is the foundation of our society. ?power is so widely used today. We shouldn’t waste electric power. City and Countryside/ Smoking/ Protection of Environment 1.Both the city and countryside provide places for us to live and work. 2.Generally speaking,the environment is better in the countryside. 3.It is easy to see that the city and the countryside have their advantages and disadvantages. 1.Smoking cigarettes is hazardous to our health. 2.There are other reasons to give up smoking in addition to health hazards. 3.Giving up smoking is not easy. 1.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. 2.Man has made great progress in environmental protection. 3.Still more measures should be taken to solve the problem. An important step in becoming an effective flatterer is to Understand why flattery helps you establish better relationships with others.The root cause of the power of flattery gets at a basic principle of human behavior eople crave being appreciated.The vast majority of people are of the similar idea despite different cultures.In Asian cultures the desire for group recognition is generally stronger than the desire for individual recognition.Nevertheless,the need for recognition is present. Many people hold that the joy of work itself is more important than external recognition,including flattery.The joy of work may be a powerful motivator,but even Those who get the biggest joy from their work---such as scientists,artists,and photographers---crave flattery and recognition.Otherwise they wouldn’t compete for Nobel Prizes or enter their work in important exhibitions. Another reason flattery is so effective relates to the normal need to be recognized. Although some articles and books have been written And preached zealously about flattery,most people receive less recognition than they deserve.Many people hardly ever receive compliments either on the job or at home,thus intensifying their demand for flattery. Develop a paragraph 1.Development by example. Bike is very popular in China.The reasons are as follows:First, a bike is cheap,and most people can afford it.Second,riding a bike is a good exercise and it can help us to keep fit.Third,bikes donot cause air pollution.Finally,a bike doesnot need a large parking space.For these reasons,many people in China like a bike very much. 2.Development by comparison and contrast Smoking is harmful.On one hand,it causes lung cancer.On the other hand,it speeds up the process of aging. ? Health is better than wealth.Good health enables one to enjoy his life.On the other hand,poor health tends to deprive one of his interest in everything around him.Therefore,health is indispensable to one’s happy life. Homework:Today,in Britain there are still some differences in status between men and women. 3.Development by cause and effect I like travelling by bus better than travelling by airplane. A large number of migrant workers enter big cities these days. On one hand,they have helped to push forward the urban development by constructing buildings,bridges and so on.On the other hand,as too many migrant workers enter big cities at the same time,some problems are brought about. “受话人‘Mrs.I.A.Pologize’（夫人，我道歉）” 接线员拖长声音说道，“名字的拼写为P.”一眨眼工夫，电话线两端的人整个一天由阴转晴。 幽默之所以能消除敌意的对抗，其力量在于无言的承诺： “我的朋友，你让我脱身，我也让你走人。”其诀窍就是权当你的对手是心怀好意，微微一笑----适可而止。擅长此道的加拿大总督罗兰米切纳，去视察一所公立学校时，遇到了正在罢工的维修工人设置的一条气势汹汹的纠察线。 Amplification :1.words supplied for syntactic construction结构性增补.2.words supplied for semantic completion语意性增补 1。人民犯了法，也要受处罚，也要坐班房，也要判死刑。 2。其实地上本没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。 1.When anyone among the people breaks the law,he too should be punished,imprisoned or even sentenced to death. 2.Actually the earth had no roads to begin with,but when many men pass one way,a road is made. 3.My audiences vary from tens to thousands.I expect opposition but got hardly any. 4.读书可以增长知识。 3。我的听众从几十人到几千人不等，我希望有持异议的人起来跟我辩论，但几乎没有遇到 过。 |
2楼2006-01-20 20:57:52
linghuazhi2002
银虫 (小有名气)
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4.Through reading one can acquire knowledge. Supply category words(范畴词） tension jealousy preparation madness indifference hostility irregularities越轨行为 allergy unemployment 5.In the summer of 1969,the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. Supply overlapping words or numerals to express the plural form of nouns. 6.Flowers bloom all over the yard. 7.The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 6。朵朵鲜花开满了庭院 7。连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。 8。看粮食，要看中国的农业。 9.“And before you go to beg their pardon,change those trousers for a dress.You know how your mother-in-law feels about pants on a woman.She always says,’what was hatched a hen mustnot try to be a rooster!’” 8.To have a better understanding of the food situation in China we must take a full view of her agriculture. 9.“在你去向他们赔礼之前，先用女服换掉男裤。你知道你婆婆对女人穿长裤是怎样看的。她总是说：‘孵出来是母鸡就别想当公鸡。’” Many employers like to hire men rather than women. Most women do unskilled jobs while men are likely to take decent jobs.In addition,at present boys’ schools are still much better than girls’ schools. Appearance In his Fables,Aesop warns us :”We should look to the mind ,and not to the outward appearance.”The great ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle,however,says,”Personal beauty is a greater recommendation than any letter of introduction.” Work in groups to discuss whether people can be judged by their appearance.Use examples to support your answer. Paragraph writing(Unity ; Coherence) The following ways may help you to produce a fluent paragraph: A.Repeating words. B.Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences. I don’t know where to stay in Beijing.I have never been to that place. C.Being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns and tense of verbs. ?1.Students should learn to analyze and solve problems independently.Don’t rely on your teacher’s help. 2.I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map.I had expected to be near my objective by now,but everything still alien to me. D.Using logical connectors 1.启 To begin with/first of all/ in the first place/firstly ; Generally speaking/in general/on the whole ; It goes without saying that/ everyone knows that/ no one can deny that/ it is well-known to us that/ ; At present/recently/nowadays; As can be seen from the table(chart)/from the chart,we can see that ; 2.承 At the same time/in the meantime/meanwhile/ Similarly/after that/then/ ; Besides/moreover/furthermore/in addition/what’s more ; For example/for instance/take sth. For an example/ 3.转 However/nevertheless/but/despite/in spite of/yet/though/while/ on the contrary/conversely/on the other hand 4.合 Therefore/finally/in short/in a word/ as a result/above all/at last/in fact/ all in all/From the points mentioned above,we can draw the conclusion I returned to my room.There was a note under my door.It was from Bill.He said he was in the town looking for a job.He hadn’t found anything yet.He was sorry to have missed me. Oranges are important part of a complete diet. Apples are nutritious,but they don’t have nearly as much vitamin C as oranges.Bananas are a good source of potassium,but so is the orange. Correcting They have more vitamin C than apples, which are considered very nutritious.Similarly,Oranges are as good a source of potassium as bananas,which are recommended as a source of mineral. Merchant bark– embark(debark/disembark) A winning team/a winning smile Calculating/understanding/demanding Anything clearly noticed is distinct:There’s a –smell of beer in this room.明显的，不同的。 A thing that is clearly different from others of its kind is distinctive/distinct from有特色的。Extinct/instinct Evident (theorem定理) /obvious(axiom公理) 有一种形象常被误解，起根源在于人们对目光接触的看法。 他直视你的眼睛，一定是个老实人，这话你不知听过多少遍了。 不过大多数人都用这个标准判断他人， 你一定要经常直视他们的眼睛。 根据对方是否注视你的眼睛，评价他是否诚实，与根据你的猫或狗对来客的反应，判断这位客人的人品同样毫无道理。 Although we are often told not to “judge a book by its cover”, or a man’s intelligence and abilities by his looks,the truth is that a person’s appearance does say plenty about him.It tells us a lot about his personality,his education,his judgment and even the opinion he has of himself.Everyone cannot be beautiful or handsome,but everybody can make an effort to look neat and tidy.From a social point of view,taking care of one’s appearance is a way of showing self-respect and respect for others. Private cars,as the product of modern civilization,have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of human society.We can now drive to work,to do shopping,to visit friends and even to travel across the country.Fast and labor-saving,private cars have become so essential and indispensable to us that it is no exaggeration to say our modern society is moving on the wheels.On the other hand,more often than not,the roads in big cities are jammed with cars and the air is filled with exhaust gas.Then couldn’t we live in the fresh air while enjoying the mobility of cars? |
3楼2006-01-20 20:58:18
linghuazhi2002
银虫 (小有名气)
- 应助: 0 (幼儿园)
- 金币: 1648.4
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- 帖子: 166
- 在线: 11.9小时
- 虫号: 122165
- 注册: 2005-12-04
- 专业: 免疫生物学
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Omission 1.From the grammatical point of view. A.Omit pronouns.(We live and learn.) a.She went,with her neat figure,and her sober womanly step,down the dark street. B.Omit conjunctions. b.Despite the privation,and the mounting toll of dead and wounded,however,morale remained intact,and people still smile in the street. C.Omit Articles or prepositions. c.The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. a.她顺着黑暗的街道走去，显出利落匀称的身材，迈着端庄的女人的步子。 b.尽管供应不足，伤亡增加，然而士气并未受影响。街上，人们照常脸有笑容。 c.1949年中华人民共和国成立。 2.From the rhetorical point of view. d.There was no snow,the leaves were gone from the trees,the grass was dead. e.海峡两岸的中国人都是骨肉同胞，手足兄弟。 f.大楼的质量不好。 g.Before the night was far advanced,they began to move against the enemy. d.天未下雪，但叶落草枯。 e.The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are of the same blood. f.入夜不久，他们开始进击敌人。 3.Omit category words. g.我们一定要逐步解决沿海同内地贫富差距问题。国家要加大对中西部的支持力度。 进一步简化手续/进一步加强法制/大大缩短人的寿命 g.We can gradually bridge the gap between coastal and inland area.The state will increase it support for the central and western parts. Simplify procedures/ strengthen the legal system/ shorten the lives of human beings. Homework:Not less excellent,except for our less susceptibility in the afternoon,was the charm,last evening,of a January sunset.The western clouds divided and subdivided themselves into pink flakes modulated with tints of unspeakable softness,and the air had so much life and sweetness that it was a pain to come within doors. 昨日黄昏，我观赏了一次日落美景，时虽冬令正月，但景物 不减春秋，只是下午人的灵智不顶清明罢了。西方云散，纷纷化为绛色碎片，其色调之柔和，非言辞所可表达，空气清新，充满了活力，回到屋子里来，真成了受罪。 得体而有力度的握手表现一个人的个性，而死鱼般软绵绵 的握手方式，则不是好迹象。 再说，骗子老手在与人握手时很容易装出热情有力的样子。虽说握手时应该用力，这样就立刻留给对方一个良好的印象，但是下次有人握你的手时，你别太当真，因为这并不能告诉你关于他的具体情况。 Language is not to be taught but to be learned. Communicative skills交际技能 Writing写作 Essay(outline)—paragraph—sentence—word(diction选词） Paragraph writing段落写作:1.Unity统一（topic sentence主题句—development展开） 2.Coherence连贯（connectors启承转合) Homework:Rewrite改写 the following passage. I returned to my room.There was a note under my door.It was from Bill.He said he was in the town looking for a job.He hadn’t found anything yet.He was sorry to have missed me. Sentence writing Loose sentence松散句 Periodic sentence圆周句 From a rhetorical修辞 point of view ,sentences are loose,periodic A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information;in other words,it puts first things first,and lets the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words.The reverse arrangement makes a periodic sentence:the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it,and it isn’t grammatically complete until the end is reached.The reader doesn’t know what is mainly about until he finishes reading it.Compare:1.She decided to study English though she was interested in music. 2.Although she was interested in music,she finally decided to study English. The main idea of both sentences is the fact that she decided to study English.This idea is put at the beginning of the first sentence and at the end of the second,thus making one a loose sentence and the other a periodic one.Besides,the first part of the first sentence is complete in structure,but that of the second is only an adverbial clause and cannot be called a sentence without the second part. Loose sentences are easier ,simpler,more natural and direct. Periodic sentences are more complex,emphatic,formal or literary. The following is the sentence with which Jane Austen begins her Pride and Prejudice: “It is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”（傲慢与偏见） It is clearly of the periodic structure because neither in syntax nor in meaning is it complete before the last word.The last word is the most important,because many words are piled up before the key word,the sense of climax is made very strong. Correctness正确性（grammar) and Appropriacy适合性(communication交际） What does he do?He work in a factory. What is your brother doing?He works in a factory. What happened to the crops? The storm destroyed the crops.(We should put known information first and new information at the end of the sentence) Effective sentences: 1.Unity统一性(a single complete thought) A.Born in a small town in South China,he grew up to be a famous musician. B.The waiters were serving coffee when the ship sank. C.He came out first in the match,and which delighted us. D.Du Fu was one of the greatest poets. |
4楼2006-01-20 21:02:20
