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师弟考研的两道题,请高手给与正确答案,参考学习一下。 1.描述一种研究基因表达的方法; 2.阐述一条真核细胞信号转导途径。 |
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xingrl
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基因表达的检测方法: 核酸杂交法:Southern Blot、Northern Blot Western印迹法 免疫化学法 放射性抗体检测法、免疫沉淀检测法、表达载体产物免疫化学检测法 遗传检测法 抗药性记号插入失活选择法、β-半乳糖苷酶显色反应选择法 物理检测法 凝胶电泳检测法、R-环检测法 ....... 具体内容相关的实验指导书籍均有详细介绍 [ Last edited by xingrl on 2009-12-12 at 15:18 ] |
2楼2009-12-12 15:13:23
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1 研究基因表达的方法: 克隆基因的表达 使克隆的基因在细胞中表达对理论的研究和实验的应用都是十分重要的意义的。克隆的基因只有通过表达才能探索和研究基因的功能以及基因表达调控的机理,克隆基因表达出所编码的蛋白质可供作结构与功能的研究。有些具有特定生物活性的蛋白质在医学上、以至在工业上都是很有应用价值的,可以克隆其基因使之在宿主细胞中大量表达而获得。要使克隆基因在宿主细胞中表达,就要将它放入带有基因表达所需要的各种元件的载体中,这种载体就称为表达载体(expression vector)。克隆基因可以放在不同的宿主细胞中表达,可用大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、酵母、昆虫细胞、培养的哺乳类动物细胞、以至整体动物。对不同的表达系统,需要构建不同的表达载体。克隆基因在不同的系统中表达成功的把握性,取决于我们对这些系统中基因表达调控规律的认识程度。 人类对大肠杆菌经过长期的研究,对其特性和遗传背景了解得最清楚,大肠杆菌培养操作简单、生长繁殖快、价格低廉,人们用大肠杆菌用外源基因的表达工具已有二十多年的经验积累,大肠杆菌表达外源基因产物的水平远高于其它基因表达系统,表达的目的蛋白量甚至能超过细菌总蛋白量的80%。因此大肠杆菌是目前应用最广泛的蛋白质表达系统。设计外源基因在大肠杆菌表达就需要外源基因在大肠杆菌中表达所需要的元件,包括转录起始必需的启动子、翻译起始所必需的核糖体识别序列等;外源基因表达的产物可能会对大肠杆菌有毒害作用,会影响细菌的生存繁殖,所以大多数表达载体都带有诱导性表达所需要的元件,即有操纵子序列以及与之配套的调控基因等;外源基因还应当插入到适合于表达的位置,所以表达载体中要设有适合的多克隆位点;此外还应具备基因克隆筛选的条件,包括在细胞中复制必需的复制起始序列、筛选标志如抗药性基因等。图2中绘出几种常用的表达载体例子。pBV220是我国科学工用者自己构建的表达载体,使用了很强的PRPL双启动子,含有编码温度敏感性阻遏蛋白的cI857基因,在30-32℃时产生的阻遏蛋白能阻止PRPL的转录起始,细菌可以正常生长繁殖,42摄氏度时该阻遏蛋白发生构像变化而失活,基因开始转录而表达。 当要将真核基因放入原核细胞中表达产生蛋白质时,原核系统就表现出许多缺陷:①没有真核转录后加工的功能,不能进行mRNA的剪接,所以只能表达cDNA而不能表达真核的基因组基因;②没有真核翻译后加工的功能,表达产生的蛋白质,不能进行糖基化、磷酸化等修饰,难以形成正确的二硫键配对和空间构像折叠,因而产生的蛋白质常没有足够的生物学活性;③表达的蛋白质经常是不溶的,会在细菌内聚集成包涵体(inclusiion body),尤其当表达目的蛋白量超过细菌体总蛋白量10%时,就很容易形成包涵体。生成包涵体的原因可能有是蛋白质合成快速太快,多肽链相互缠绕,缺乏使多肽链正确折叠的因素,导致疏水基因外露等。细菌裂解后,包涵体的离心后的沉淀中,虽然有利于目的蛋白的初步纯化,但无生物活性的不溶性蛋白,要经过复性(renaturation),使其重新散开、重新折叠成具有天然蛋白构象和良好生物活性的蛋白质,常常是一件很困难的事情。也可以设计载体使大肠杆菌分泌表达出可溶性目的蛋白,但表达量往往不高。 要表达真核生物的蛋白质,采用真核表达系统自然应比原核系统优越,常用的酵母、昆虫、动物和哺乳类细胞等表达系统。真核表达载体至少要含两类序列:①原核质粒的序列,包括在大肠杆菌中起作用的复制起始序列、能用在细菌中筛选克隆的抗药性基因标志等,以便插入真核基因后能先在很方便操作的大肠杆菌系统中筛选获得目的重组DNA克隆、并复制繁殖得到足够使用的数量。②在真核宿主细胞中表达重组基因所需要的元件,包括启动子、增强子、转录终止和加poly-A信号序列、mRNA剪接信号序列、能在宿主细胞中复制或增殖的序列,能用在宿主细胞中筛选的标志基因、以及供外源基因插入的单一限制性内切酶识别位点等。 |
3楼2009-12-12 15:13:49
qingfengwu
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2 真核细胞信号传导途径: case 1: trkA信号传导通路 TRKA Signaling Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (TrkA), is the high affinity receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF). Activation of TrkA by NGF promotes survival, growth (mitosis) and/or differentiation of specific neuronal cell populations including sympathetic neurons, neural crest-derived sensory neurons, and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Specific cell responses to NGF-dependent TrkA-activation depend upon the balance of associated adaptor and kinase proteins and cell context. TrkA activation typically leads to the activation of survival and growth mediating pathways through cytoplasmic proteins SHC; PI3-kinase and PLCgamma1. PI3-kinase activates the PDK-1/AKT(PKB) pathway that supports cell survival and protein synthesis. SHC provides a docking site for GRB2/SOS activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK growth promoting pathway and PLCgamma1 supports activation of the PKC pathway. While withdrawal of NGF leads to apoptosis, over expression of TrKA may also induce a switch from an ERK/CREB-dependent anti-apoptotic to a MEK3/6-p38MAP-dependent pro-apoptotic condition. PLC-gamma1 activity is involved in switching between anti-mitogenic and mitogenic signaling. NGF-activated TrkA can promote cell growth (proliferation) or differentiation (neurite out-growth) of neurons depending on cell context. SHC regulates proliferation and Suc1-associated neurotrophic factor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation target (SNT-1)/fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 1 (FRS-2) regulates differentiation. SHC and SNT-1/FRS-2 compete for the same site on TrkA. FRS-2 binds Grb-2, Crk, Sh-PTP-2, cyclin-dependent kinase substate (suc1) and Src. These factors link TrkA to the cell cycle. NGF activated TrkA can regulate development of the axonal cytoskeleton structures through a pathway that involves the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, c-Abl, c-Crk adaptor proteins and paxillin. Crk adaptor proteins are involved in the regulation of proliferation, anchorage-dependent DNA synthesis and cytoskeletal reorganization. case 2: wnt信号传导通路 The Wnt pathway involves a large number of proteins that can regulate the production of Wnt signaling molecules, their interactions with receptors on target cells and the physiological responses of target cells that result from the exposure of cells to the extracellular Wnt ligands. Although the presence and strength of any given effect depends on the Wnt ligand, cell type, and organism, some components of the signaling pathway are remarkably conserved in a wide variety of organisms, from Caenorhabditis elegans to humans. Protein homology suggests that several distinct Wnt ligands were present in the common ancestor of all bilaterian life, and certain aspects of Wnt signaling are present in sponges and even in slime molds. The canonical Wnt pathway describes a series of events that occur when Wnt proteins bind to cell-surface receptors of the Frizzled family, causing the receptors to activate Dishevelled family proteins and ultimately resulting in a change in the amount of β-catenin that reaches the nucleus (Figure 2). Dishevelled (DSH) is a key component of a membrane-associated Wnt receptor complex (Figure 2) which, when activated by Wnt binding, inhibits a second complex of proteins that includes axin, GSK-3, and the protein APC (Figure 1). The axin/GSK-3/APC complex normally promotes the proteolytic degradation of the β-catenin intracellular signaling molecule. After this "β-catenin destruction complex" is inhibited, a pool of cytoplasmic β-catenin stabilizes, and some β-catenin is able to enter the nucleus and interact with TCF/LEF family transcription factors to promote specific gene expression (interaction 2, Figure 2). Some additional details of the pathway are described below. Cell surface Frizzled (FRZ) proteins usually interact with a transmembrane protein called LRP (Figure 2).[8] LRP binds Frizzled, Wnt and axin and may stabilize a Wnt/Frizzled/LRP/Dishevelled/axin complex at the cell surface ("receptor complex" in Figure 2). In vertebrates, several secreted proteins have been described that can modulate Wnt signaling by either binding to Wnts[9] or binding to a Wnt receptor protein. For example, Sclerostin (not shown in a figure) can bind to LRP and inhibit Wnt signaling.[10] The part of the pathway linking the cell surface Wnt-activated Wnt receptor complex to the prevention of β-catenin degradation is still under investigation. There is evidence that trimeric G proteins (G in Figure 2) can function downstream from Frizzled.[11] It has been suggested that Wnt-activated G proteins participate in the disassembly of the axin/GSK3 complex.[12] Several protein kinases and protein phosphatases have been associated with the ability of the cell surface Wnt-activated Wnt receptor complex to bind axin and disassemble the axin/GSK3 complex.[13] Phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of LRP by CK1 and GSK3 can regulate axin binding to LRP (interaction 1 in Figure 2). The protein kinase activity of GSK3 appears to be important for both the formation of the membrane-associated Wnt/FRZ/LRP/DSH/Axin complex and the function of the Axin/APC/GSK3/β-catenin complex. Phosphorylation of β-catenin by GSK3 leads to the destruction of β-catenin (Figure 1). |
4楼2009-12-12 15:17:31
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真核基因表达研究方法与应用 1、基因敲除技术 (Gene Knockout) 注意事项: (1)、有合适的胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells); (2)、有已知的单拷贝基因位点; (3)、用线性载体或不能自我复制的载体。 2.蛋白质相互作用(Pull-down assay)Science, 289:1550-1554 (2000) NFkB基因表达后导致细胞炎症,而NFkB基因的活化受炎症诱发因子的刺激。IKKα、IKKβ及NEMO(NFkB-essential modifier)抑制NFkB基因的表达。 3、导弹药物--药物导向治疗 肿瘤或癌细胞表面通常过量表达某些特征性蛋白质(如人乳腺癌细胞表面的28 kD 蛋白),可作为肿瘤导向治疗的作用靶。将抗体的某些部分与外毒素相连接,就可以把毒素直接送到病变细胞表面,有效地杀死病变细胞,保护健康细胞。 参考资料: http://dean.pku.edu.cn/jiaoxue/zhubmb/chapter7/p7.htm 大概还有rna干扰什么的 |
5楼2009-12-12 17:09:03
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