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【其它】Day 5: Thursday, December 3
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Day 5: Thursday, December 3 The penultimate day of the 2009 Materials Research Society (MRS) Fall Meeting included the fourth and final symposium X (Frontiers in Materials Research) talk, the last day of the exhibit and the last poster session of the conference, in addition to the technical sessions. In fact, a number of symposia sessions are scheduled for Friday, December 4, which is the last day of the Meeting. We hope you have enjoyed this coverage of this largest MRS Fall Meeting ever. We welcome your comments and feedback.    Lawrence Kazmerski (NREL) discussing solar photovoltaics in Symposium X CONTENTS Symposium X: Frontiers of Materials Research Poster Awards Science as Art Awards Technical Talks Education Symposium in Memory of Marni Goldman Government Funding Agency Seminars Scenes from Around the Meeting Links of Interest Proceedings Papers Submission | View Accepted Papers MRS Meetings Blog 2009 MRS Fall Meeting Facebook Group Symposium X - Frontiers of Materials Research Solar Photovoltaics Technology: No Longer an Outlier  Lawrence L. Kazmerski of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) presented the fourth and final symposium X talk of the Meeting at noon on Thursday with an upbeat and outstanding exposition on why solar photovoltaics are important. He began with a video of a U.S. Vanguard satellite going into orbit in the late 1950s. He said that this was the first solar powered satellite ever launched into orbit. In a move that surprised the audience, he fluorished the backup of the Vanguard satellite, an identical model except for some minor details (he joked that it took him a while to get it through airport security). The solar powered satellite kept sending back signals for over seven years (while the original batteries died in two weeks) and only went silent after encountering the Van Allen radiation belt in the upper atmosphere. He suggested that this was a tipping point for photovoltaics (after the book by Malcolm Gladwell). In fact, he borrowed from the title of another of Gladwell's books, Outliers, to suggest that solar photovoltaic technology is no longer an outlier, hence the title of this talk.  Kazmerski showed another video complete with sound effects and ending with a photo of Arthur C. Clarke, who was the first to predict artificial satellites and satellite communications. He said that we need visionaries such as Clarke. He showed the current state of photovoltaics with an explosion of small companies vying for space. In 2008, over a billion dollars of venture capital flowed into photovoltaics. Clearly, this technology is no outlier. He said there were a number of take home messages from the talk. Solar is real, in the future and now. Investments in policy and R&D require equal priorities. We need to drastically reduce the time from lab to manufacturing. We need to significantly increase the workforce. We need a balanced R&D portfolio in terms of the different photovoltaic technologies. Towards the end of his talk, Kazmerski briefly ran through various current photovoltaic technologies with a focus on thin films including CIGS, CdTe, organic solar cells, and dye sensitized solar cells. He concluded by suggesting that we need to have patience for this technology to continue to grow. He asked younger researchers in the audience to seriously consider this field due to the opportunities available, including scientific and financial. This was an exciting time to be associated with solar photovoltaics. He concluded with another one of his self-made videos complete with dramatic sounds. Poster Award Winners for Thursday, December 3 K18.31 Thermal and Structural Characterizations of Individual Carbon Nanotubes. Michael T. Pettes1 and Li Shi1,2; 1Mechanical Engineering; 2Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin  S11.11 Stability of Electrical Properties of Silicon (100) Surfaces Passivated with 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone. Sushobhan Avasthi1,3, Yabing Qi1,3, Grigory Vertelov2,3, Antoine Kahn1,3, Jeffrey Schwartz2,3 and James C. Sturm1,3; 1Department of Electrical Engineering; 2Department of Chemistry; 3Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials (PRISM), Princeton University  Science as Art Awards First Place  #8 Waldermar Smernov  #19 Mariela Bravo-Sanchez  #24 Francois Willaime Second Place  #15 Wen-Hsin Tu  #25 Claudia Hurrich  #28 Chee Huei Lee Technical Sessions Symposium H: ZnO and Related Materials Comphrensive characterization of optical confinement in ZnO nanorods 1D nanostructures can waveguide both electrons and photons due to confinement in two dimensions. To obtain high angular resolution of the waveguiding phenomenon, Min Gao, Peking University, combined an in-situ SEM nanoprobe with far-field micro-PL, as well as an optical fiber probe with a nanomanipulator. These two techniques have allowed Gao to investigate anisotropic optical properties, confinement efficiencies, and angular distribution of the waveguiding phenomena, all at the nanoscale. ZnO nanowire catalyst arrays were patterned by nanosphere lithography and nanowires grown by CVD. Angular-resolved PL imaging and spectroscopy of individual nanowires show changes in NBE intensity at various angles relative to the nanowire growth axis. Confocal micro-PL reveals blueshifting cavity modes with increasing diameters, consistent with an exciton-polariton model. Gao’s results emphasize the role of exciton-polaritons and the 2LO phonon in optical confinement within ZnO nanorods.   Symposium J: Diamond Electronics and Bioelectronics The Outlook for Diamond in Raman Laser Applications Diamond is a very useful laser gain material due to its advantageous properties. Several diamond lasers have been investigated. Richard P. Mildren, Macquarie University, Australia, described the use of diamond in Raman laser applications. Raman lasers can be thought of as laser converters that cause a frequency downshift and often improvement in output beam quality. Though the principle of optical amplification is different to conventional lasers that rely on a population inversion, in many ways Raman lasers have similar basic properties to other laser-pumped lasers. In contrast to conventional lasers, however, Raman lasers offer wavelength versatility via the option to select output amongst single and multiple Raman shifts (ie., Stokes orders), and they generate intrinsically narrowband output as well being generally very efficient. Mildren said that from a historical perspective, Raman scattering was discovered in 1928. However, only in 2008 was synthetic (CVD) single crystal diamond shown by Mildren and co-workers to be of sufficient quality to realize efficient and practical diamond Raman lasers. Diamond’s starkly different optical and thermal properties compared to “conventional” materials are of substantial interest for extending laser capability and applications. Diamond has the highest Raman gain coefficient of all known materials, outstanding thermal conductivity and optical transmission range (from 230 nm and extending to beyond 100 mm). These properties suggest the possibility of substantially raising average output power and extending the spectral reach of Raman lasers in the ultraviolet and long wave infrared regions. Mildren detailed the performance characteristics of diamond Raman lasers. He suggested that there are key opportunities for diamond Raman lasers including new wavelengths relying on diamond's large Raman shift, high power wavelength and brightness conversion, and access to new wavelength ranges. From a materials viewpoint, the field will benefit from higher optical damage threshold, reduced absorption, scatter, birefringence and damage resistant coatings. Symposium M: Multifunction at the Nanoscale through Nanowires Single electron and spin transport in semiconductor nanowire quantum dots  Quantum dots (QDs), at sufficiently low temperatures, have a fixed and well-defined number of electrons, allowing for manipulation and detection of single charges and single spins. Many previous studies have focused on GaAs, yet other materials systems could produce larger quantum confinement (smaller effective masses) and stronger spin orbit interactions (smaller bandgaps). Nanowires are easy to contact and form different types of devices, allowing for new single-electron transport schemes. Renaud Letureq, CNRS-UMR and ETR Zurich, in his work contacted an InAs nanowire with three gates to form two single QDs or one double QD between the gates. Spin transport, charge/spin pumping, and time-resolved single charge detection were indicated with high sensitivity due to increased capacitive coupling. Going further, Letureq used his QD as a single-photon to single-electron converter to count single photons. Electronic and photonic devices enabled by nanowires  Nanowires represent a bottom-up approach for quantum-scale devices, such as transistors, LEDs, and photovoltaics. Lars Samuelson of Lund University reviewed his work towards these ends. Many of these devices depend firstly upon strict control over the size and position of nanowires, and Samuelson summarized his achievements in these areas through lithographic positioning of Au catalyst particles for InAs nanowire growth by MOCVD. Optical and structural characterizations of many different nanowire materials, morphologies, and heterostructures based upon this controlled positioning were presented, including recent work on interconnected InAs nanowire networks to act as single-electron latching switches. Abrupt and thin axial heterostructures present interesting systems for transport physics, and spin-orbit interactions, single-electron pumping, single photon emission, and power dependence of exciton states were demonstrated. The potential for nanowires in photovoltaics is promising, and concepts for multijunction cells through multiple axial heterostructures were presented. Planar FETs have evolved now to three-dimensional vertical nanowire wrap-around gap FETs, with wrap gate thicknesses now at 30nm and shrinking. Symposium U: Materials Challenging Facing Electrical Energy Storage  Presentations at Symposium U were primarily dedicated to materials for electrochemical capacitors, also called supercapacitors. Patrice Simon from France described materials that store energy using ion adsorption (electrochemical double layer capacitors) while Katsuhiko Naoi from Japan, Bruce Dunn from UCLA, and Elzbieta Frackowiak from Poland reported on pseudo-capacitors that use fast surface redox reactions. Supercapacitors can complement or replace batteries in electrical energy storage and harvesting applications, when high power delivery or uptake is needed. Combination of pseudo-capacitive nanomaterials, including oxides, nitrides and polymers, with the latest generation of nano-structured Li electrodes (hybrid capacitors) can bring the energy density of supercapacitors closer to that of batteries. A notable improvement in material performance has been achieved due to recent advances in understanding charge storage mechanisms and the development of advanced nanostructured materials, such as carbide derived carbons and nanotube films. Ion desolvation that occurs in pores smaller than the size of solvated ions was reported by Katsumi Kaneko from Japan. Understanding of this fact opens the door to designing high-energy density capacitive storage devices using a variety of electrolytes. Mathematical modeling and simulation of capacitive storage, which will be the key to success in designing tomorrow’s high-energy and high-power devices, was described by Vincent Meunier from Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Chung-An Max Wu, a freshman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, showed that the energy and power of electrochemical capacitors and batteries can be limited by local and global depletion of ions in the electrolyte phase. He presented an experimentally verified model of limitations on charging rate caused by local depletion in nanoporous gold supercapacitor electrodes. He identified scaling of the effect with pore size and ion concentration, and proposed ways to alleviate the problem. Wu performed this work as a high school student under the direction of David B. Robinson at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, California. Symposium LL: Multiphysics Modeling in Materials Design Theory-guided Design of Bone-matched Ti-based Multi-phase Biomaterials As we continue to advance the field of biomedical materials for implants, we are constantly searching for better bio-compatible materials to use. Titanium is one of the few metals that are both tolerated by the body and can survive the extreme conditions there. Unfortunately, because of the elastic properties mismatch between titanium and bone, stress shielding can cause the bone to dissolve and the implant to fail. In his talk, Martin Friak (Max Planck Institute for Iron Research, Duesseldorf, Germany) suggested that Ti, stabilized in the BCC phase, would be softer and thus less prone to stress shielding issues. Since Ti is metastable in the BCC phase, it needs to be stabilized for use. By adding niobium to the titanium, the BCC phase is locked in, producing a reasonable material for implants. Although thermodynamics indicate that a Ti-Nb alloy would have positive formation energy values for all amounts of Nb added, when the system is considered above 0 K, a stable structure is possible. This stabilization can occur at around 25% Nb, and this alloy has been previously found by experimental means. Using Hershey’s homogenization method, the mechanical stability of the material can be determined, and has been found to be appropriate. Through modeling, which combines thermodynamic considerations, elasticity, and quantum-mechanical methods, it has been possible to optimize the materials design of this alloy.   Symposium WW: Polymer Nanofibers Silk Nanofibers for Biomaterials Silk is an outstanding biomaterial. Corinne Wittmer of Tufts University described research on using silk nanofibers as biomaterials formed from cocoons, that can be further processed using other techniques such as electrospinning. Since electrospinning of silk protein can be conducted using water as the solvent, the silk protein solution can be doped with bioactive components that retain their function during the electrospining process. Wittmer focused on two specific studies in her presentation. She first described the use of biofunctionalized electrospun silk mats as a topical bioactive dressing for accelerated wound healing. Electrospun silk mats containing epidermal growth factor (EGF) were formed. The EGF incorporated into the silk mats was released over a 48 hr period. In an in vitro model of wound healing, based on the use of human skin equivalents, the functionalized silk mats promoted healing by increasing the rate of wound closure of the epidermal tongue by 90 percent. The preservation of the structure of the mats during the healing period and the biocompatibility and slow degradation of the silk demonstrate that this system is a promising material for wound healing needs. In the second study, she described the use of multi-biofunctionalized aligned electrospun silk fibers for nerve guides. The silk electrospun fibers can serve as a cellular guide, to direct the outgrowth of nerve cells. In this case, the fibers provide a template along with the nerves growth. The adhesion of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) from the central nervous system on silk electrospun fibers was investigated. Results showed that the silk fibers serve as a support matrix for RGC extension and aligned silk fibers guide neurite extensions. The silk fibers can in fact deliver growth factors to the RGC leading to strong neurite development. This essentially provided a proof of concept of functional regenerative nerve guides. Where are Nature's Missing Ternary Oxides? Combining Machine Learning with ab initio Computations to Accelerate New Compounds Discovery Traditionally, new compounds are discovered via chemical intuition, which depends largely on the skill and experience of the researcher and, to some degree, on luck. By merging the fields of machine learning and ab initio computations, Geoffroy Hautier of MIT illustrated how new compound discovery, which may furnish unique material properties, can be vastly accelerated at only the cost of computing time.  In his search for nature’s missing ternary oxides, Hautier employed statistical learning techniques to develop a structure prediction algorithm, which was trained by data mining chemical and structural correlations of the ~5000 unique ternary oxides in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD). This algorithm was then used to suggest the compositions of new compounds and their possible structures based upon a desired chemistry (e.g., Mg-Mn-O). Ab initio computation (DFT (GGA+U)) determined which of the predicted structures for each of the suggested compounds was most stable, and the most stable structure was tested for thermodynamic stability against all other known compounds in the ICSD by means of a computational phase diagram. Compounds and their associated structure passing this criterion were considered to be predictions of new ternary oxides. Using this approach and two months of computing time on a single computing cluster, Hautier predicted 366 new ternary oxide compounds compared to the ~100 new compounds typically reported in the ICSD in a year. The Pauling Files, another experimental database, was found to contain 109 of these predicted compounds, and all but one of the predicted structures matched with those reported in this database. An additional 98 of his predictions were present in the Powder Diffraction File (PDF) database. As the PDF data only consists of powder diffraction data (rather than crystal structure), Hautier showed several examples where his predicted crystal structures yielded XRD patterns that matched patterns reported in the PDF. In these cases, his predictions were able to fill in missing structural data in the PDF. Finally, Hautier showed examples of predicted compounds not present in any other databases. Ab initio computations thus have the potential to tremendously accelerate the pace at which new compounds are discovered by indicating where experimentalists might need to focus their efforts. Hautier will publish shortly on his research, at which point a list of the currently predicted compounds and their crystal structures will be provided. Symposium YY: Compatibility of Nanomaterials International Journal of Nanomedicine Distinguished Scientist Award: Nanopreparations for Delivery of Undeliverable Drugs How does one “deliver the undeliverable?” Vladimir P. Torchilin (Northeastern University) addressed just how to do that for hard-to-deliver drugs into the body. His presentation at the conclusion of Symposium YY followed his receipt of the International Journal of Nanomedicine Distinguished Scientist Award presented during the session by Thomas J. Webster, Founding Editor-in-Chief of this open access Journal. The award recognizes an established scientist who has made significant contributions to the field of nanomedicine.  Carriers of drugs into the body serve to protect the body from the drug, protect the drug from the body, and to control the distribution and clearance of the drug. Such control can be a particular challenge, Torchilin said, because deliver typically is through damaged tissue with reduced or different function. He also warned of studies that cannot be implemented. The delivery system needs to use approved components, and the process needs to be simple and scalable, reproducible, and cheap. Drugs, which are poorly soluble, have very low stability in the body, demonstrate fast elimination and/or poor accumulation in the required zone, and are very difficult to convert into acceptable dosage forms, he said. Most delivery systems use liposomes, discovered back in 1963, and micelles, discovered in the late 1980s. There are about 40 such drugs on the market and 200 in clinical trials. Solubility is the key, with more than half of potential drugs being abandoned because of lack of solubility, he said. Micelles are of particular interest because they can make insoluble drugs soluble. Micelles prepared from PEG-diacyllipids conjugates, such as PEG-PE, are of particular interest because they are FDA-approved and versatile. Another approach is the layer-by-layer (LbL) technology, using a coating with alternating layers of nanoparticles of poorly soluble drugs with layers of oppositely charged biocompatible soluble polymers to make stable nanocolloids of many poorly soluble drugs. Such systems can have drug capacities of up to 95%, rather than more typical systems in which only about 10% of the system is the active drug. He also discussed overcoming issues of stability, shown through the example of polymeric micelles containing a hydrophobized derivative of siRNA. Further, fast clearance can be overcome using block copolymer micelles containing radio-opaque molecules such as heavily iodinated micelles, so that imaging can be done before the drug clears. Materials Education: Symposium PP The Education Symposium was dedicated to the memory of Marni Goldman (1969–2007), who served as the education director of the Center on Polymer Interfaces and Macromolecular Assemblies (CPIMA) at Stanford University. In a tribute to Goldman, Curt Frank, director of CPIMA, said Marni showed what could be done if there was no limit. There were limits, he said, but she ignored them in her quest to expand access to the research laboratory for women, students with disabilities, and those with little prior research experience.   Participants experiment with the use of the Submersible Audible Light Sensor (SALS) to detect chemistry through sound. The SALS tool was designed as a laboratory device for use by researchers with visual impairments. Michael and Marilyn (Micki) Goldman do some hands-on activities in the Education Symposium dedicated to the memory of their daughter, Marni Goldman. Goldman was born with a severe form of muscular dystrophy. Through her own determination and with the support of her family, she opened doors for herself in the field of materials research, then opened those doors wider for others. During the first day of the symposium, many materials educators who have worked with Goldman came to tell their stories and present their projects. Goldman’s parents, Michael and Marilyn (Micki) Goldman were among the attendees. Among the first strides Goldman made was getting access to the University of Pennsylvania, as told by Peter Davies. In those days, he said, there was no wheelchair access, so the university asked what Goldman needed, and the campus became accessible. When Goldman went to UC–Berkeley for her PhD studies, she told Lisa Pruitt that she wanted to do research in the laboratory. Pruitt said she recruited undergraduate students to conduct the laboratory research under Goldman’s direction. Since then, the laboratory always includes the contributions of undergraduate students. Annemarie Ross interned with Goldman at CPIMA. Ross is now on the faculty at the Rochester Institute of Technology/National Technical Institute for the Deaf where, she said, “I have an opportunity to emulate her [Goldman's] magic and become a role model for our future disabled scientists.” At RIT/NTID, deaf and hard of hearing students engage in a cooperative workshop experience with industry. The programs at RIT are developed through the industry perspective. Along with the course challenges students have from the associate degree program to the PhD program, and among the usual inhibitions they have going into the work world, Ross said her students have to also overcome communication barriers. Ross said that through the cooperative workshop where students partner with industry, they get the practice they need in navigating communication in the work place while they have the support of their faculty. By the time they enter the workforce, they’re already experienced. Other talks in this session included broader topics of addressing diversity in STEM education to specific examples of tools developed to enable students with disabilities to conduct research. Plans are underway to publish the proceedings. Government Funding Agency Seminars Department of Defense From the Department of Defense, two sessions were offered on funding opportunities in materials research: one focused on funding projects to assist military personnel (DARPA) and one focused on projects protecting civilians (DHS).   Brian Holloway, a program manager in the Defense Sciences Office (DSO) of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), said, “If you see an initiative or problem being worked on [in DARPA], it’s too late to jump onto it.” DARPA seeks high-risk, high-reward proposals to solve problems presented in the agency's call for proposals. The timeline to achieve results is rapid. Holloway said that 12–18 months into the funded project, publications will already be seen. Holloway said that DARPA programs range from developing physics- and chemistry-based models that allow for the design of novel materials processing for radically improved or new properties, to innovative processing methods that dramatically reduce the cost of producing titanium metal and its alloys. Mathematical and characterization tools are being generated to enable rapid design and development of new armor systems. Armor systems based on topological constructs are demonstrating an increase in performance not achievable with traditional approaches. Biologically inspired approaches to material synthesis and design are pervasive in many of the DSO initiatives. Future investments in the DSO materials program will continue to explore the frontiers of materials science, which include new science-based tools for the development of new materials, novel materials for energy and water harvesting, new mechanical designs that exploit or challenge new materials and materials systems, and innovative electromagnetic materials that will revolutionize the field of electronics. This aggressive vision to pursue the development of radically new materials and materials systems is producing the critical technologies that will allow for the next generation of high-performance military platforms. Eric Houser, project manager from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), described the many materials projects and funding opportunities in the Explosives Division, specifically in the Explosive Trace Detection Project. Houser advised materials researchers to team up with an industry partner who will provide the platform for testing, then contact a program manager in DHS to start the proposal process. National Science Foundation Opportunities for funding at the National Science Foundation keep growing and changing. Zakya Kafafi, director of the NSF Division of Materials Research within the Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences, presented a session on funding opportunities in materials research. In FY2009, her division received $282.13 million and an additional $106.90 million from the recovery act known as ARRA. The additional funding from ARRA enabled an increase in the number and size of PI grants, the start of new centers and institutes, the expansion of investments in the workforce and in education and outreach, and an increase in the number of projects funded in the new biomaterials program. Kafafi said that $308.97 million has been requested for her division for FY2010. She expects $10 million of this to go to funding in Energy in Sunlight, with the expectation of tripling the initial investment in FY2011. At this MRS Meeting, NSF held the one-day multidisciplinary workshop on Third-Generation Solar Technologies. Kafafi said that some structure changes are in store for the Materials Research Science and Education Centers which will include a full investment in centers of excellence as well as stand-alone teams of researchers. The purpose of restructuring the centers is to broaden participation and promote creativity and innovation. Also, the Partnerships for Research and Education in Materials (PREM) program will be expanded to institutions primarily serving women and people with disabilities. Already in FY2009, the funding for six new programs was made possible from ARRA. National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)  Funding opportunities in materials research are available in NIST’s Technology Innovation Program (TIP), which was established in 2007 to help U.S. businesses, institutions of higher education, and other organizations—such as national laboratories and nonprofit research institutes—support, promote, and accelerate innovation in the United States through high-risk, high-reward research in areas of critical national need. Tom Wiggins, director of the Selection Management Office for TIP presented a session in which he discussed the program framework, what has occurred in the FY 2008 and FY 2009 competitions, areas of critical national need that are currently being developed, and what to expect from TIP in 2010. Wiggins expects funding to continue for projects on civil infrastructure with an emphasis on waterways, and on manufacturing. Future potential topics may be personalized medicine, energy, sustainability, and complex networks. TIP continues to accept white papers to assist the program to develop ideas for future calls. The best way to find out quickly about upcoming opportunities is to get onto the TIP mailing list through www.nist.gov/tip. Scenes from Around the Meeting             Women in Materials Science & Engineering Breakfast  Catherine L. Fiore of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology presented a talk at the Women in MS&E Breakfast. Fiore is a former chair of the American Physical Society’s Committee on the Status of Women in Physics. In 2007, APS held the Gender Equity Conference. Fiore discussed activities and recommendations since the conference on strengthening the role of women in the physical sciences.  Student Mixer       |
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