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203、Fundamental Falsification and Revision of Poynting Vector
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.21911442 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21911442 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract Since the establishment of the Poynting vector theory in 1884, mainstream conclusions of classical electromagnetism over more than a century have held that the electromagnetic energy of circuits is not transmitted through the interior of wires but propagates along electromagnetic fields in the vacuum space outside conductors. This conclusion only achieves mathematical self-consistency relying on Maxwell’s equations. Essentially, it is a numerical fitting at the mathematical level that does not correspond to objective physical reality. It has long lacked dual verification of underlying physical mechanisms and engineering facts, leading to fundamental cognitive deviations. Based on the Photon Primitive Theory, this paper reconstructs the definitional boundaries of matter, energy and fields. Physical particles such as electrons and protons are self-locked and aggregated by photon energy packets, and can only serve as intermediate energy carriers without the capacity to independently transmit energy. The sole carrier for all energy interactions in the universe is the photon energy packet. Electric and magnetic fields are merely spatial representations of electromagnetic interaction forces; fields themselves do not belong to energy and possess no physical attributes to independently store or propagate energy. Classical theories have long confused two independent physical categories: the effect of acting force and the ontology of energy. The long-term stable operation of high-voltage armored shielded cables directly falsifies the external energy transmission model derived from the Poynting vector. Meanwhile, the underlying operating rules of electromechanical energy conversion in electric motors serve as collateral evidence: magnetic fields can only transmit interaction forces across space, and there exists no physical process where electromagnetic fields carry and transmit energy independently without particles. All energy conversion behaviors occur inside conductive media. The Poynting vector is merely a mathematical calculation tool for electromagnetic field flux. Although calculated values match observed results under partial working conditions, mathematical fitting does not equal objective physical reality. It only describes the distribution of accompanying field forces formed by a small number of overflow particles when photon energy packets are transmitted inside conductors, rather than the main transmission path of electric energy. Relying on the Photon Primitive Theory, this paper restores the complete underlying mechanism of energy transmission inside wires and revises the century-old fundamental paradigm errors in classical electromagnetism. Key words Poynting vector; electromagnetic energy transmission; high-voltage shielded cable; photon energy packet; physical particle carrier; Photon Primitive Theory; equivalent fitting of electromagnetic field; electromechanical energy conversion 0 Introduction Within the theoretical system of classical electromagnetism, the Poynting vector acts as the core mathematical tool for describing the flow of electromagnetic energy. For more than a hundred years, textbooks and academic literatures at home and abroad have generally adopted a unified viewpoint: electrons moving directionally inside wires do not carry energy, electric energy is not transmitted along the interior of conductors, and all electromagnetic energy propagates forward relying on alternating electromagnetic fields in the vacuum area outside wires. This theory has been applied for nearly 140 years with self-consistency derived purely from mathematical deduction, yet it has long evaded three critical inspection criteria: first, the microscopic underlying material mechanism of energy transmission; second, the physical essential positioning of electric and magnetic fields; third, practical verification through large-scale engineering scenarios in the power industry. From the perspective of underlying physical logic, classical theories contain two core conceptual confusions. First, they presuppose that electromagnetic fields can independently carry and transmit energy in voids without material particle carriers. Second, they mistakenly define electromagnetic fields, which only represent force effects, as energy transmission media. From a methodological perspective, the Poynting vector is merely an equivalent fitting tool. Consistency between calculated values and observed phenomena does not mean reproduction of the microscopic real physical process. From engineering practice, high-voltage transmission cables are universally wrapped with continuous and airtight metallic lead shield armor. Metallic media can completely shield and absorb alternating electromagnetic fields. If energy truly propagates in the space outside cables, shielded cables would fail to transmit electricity normally. However, shielded cables serve as core power transmission carriers of power grids and operate safely and stably for a century, creating irreconcilable factual contradictions. In addition, the operating laws of electric motors also conflict with traditional interpretations of the Poynting vector. Inside an electric motor, only magnetic field coupling exists in the air gap between the stator and rotor, with no energy transmitted across the gap. All energy conversion is confined to the conductive interior of stator coils, which directly confirms the core viewpoint that "fields only transmit acting forces instead of energy" and supplements evidence for loopholes in the traditional energy transmission model from the perspective of another type of electrical equipment. For a long time, academic circles have only applied the Poynting vector for engineering numerical calculation to avoid the enormous cost of reconstructing the basic theoretical paradigm, without exploring the real transmission path of electromagnetic energy. Combined with the Photon Primitive Theory, this paper clearly divides the functional boundaries of fields, physical particles and photon energy packets. Taking high-voltage shielded cables as core empirical evidence and the underlying laws of electromechanical conversion in electric motors as collateral evidence, this paper systematically points out fundamental defects in the physical interpretation of the traditional Poynting vector and establishes a new mechanism of circuit energy transmission consistent with objective reality.  |
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