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193、Why Is the Night Sky Dark
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.21799130 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21799130 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract The core contradiction of Olbers’ paradox is as follows: if the universe is infinite, stars are distributed everywhere and keep radiating light, every line of sight of human beings will eventually meet the luminous surface of a star, and the night sky should be permanently brighter than daytime. In reality, however, the night sky is a dark background dotted with only a small number of visible stars. For hundreds of years, mainstream physicists have resorted to unsubstantiated hypotheses such as cosmic expansion, spacetime stretching and a finite cosmic age to patch up the contradiction, which is a typical practice of covering up genuine physical blind spots with fictional models. This paper strictly follows the fundamental axiom of the photon origin theory: light is the sole primordial substance of the universe, all material entities are structures formed by bound photons, and propagation, energy loss through collisions with media, frequency shift and medium interaction of free photons constitute the primary laws of the universe. One conceptual error is corrected herein: spherical diffusion only changes the distribution density of photons; the energy of an individual photon does not decline spontaneously. Photon energy loss occurs exclusively through interactive collisions with particles in interstellar media. This paper introduces key arguments including energy loss induced by collisions with interstellar media, energy dissipation of photons during long distance travel, lifetime mismatch between celestial bodies and photon travel duration, differential screening of photons of different energy levels by the atmosphere, ionization and annihilation of high energy gamma photons in the atmosphere, destructive effects of high energy rays upon reaching the ground, the principle of high energy cascade detection adopted by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), and the transmission of low energy visible light without destructive effects. Through a five layer closed loop logic covering the infinite scale of the universe, alternating propagation laws in vacuum and rarefied medium regions, photon energy loss induced by collisions with media, lifetime mismatch between celestial body evolution and photon travel duration, physical screening by the atmosphere, and safety thresholds for living organism observation, this paper thoroughly addresses century old interpretative loopholes in Olbers’ paradox. Meanwhile, it exposes core fallacies in conventional academic viewpoints: rather than starlight failing to set out from celestial bodies, light emitted by some stars becomes extinct during the long distance travel of their photons; starlight reaching Earth either loses energy through collisions with interstellar media, shifts out of the visible light band, gets annihilated by atmospheric interactions, or brings fatal damage to living beings upon arrival. Visible light detectable by humans represents an extremely rare, safe and special subset among cosmic photons. Keywords: Olbers’ paradox; photon origin theory; photon energy loss; propagation origin redshift; rarefied interstellar medium; atmospheric band screening; ionization annihilation of gamma photons; high energy cascade detection; lifetime mismatch between celestial bodies and light travel duration 1. Introduction The deductive logic of the classic Olbers’ paradox itself is self consistent: an infinite universe hosts an infinite number of stars that continuously emit photons. Theoretically, light should fill cosmic space without leaving darkness in the night sky. Actual astronomical observations contradict such deduction. To resolve the conflict, modern physicists have constructed a flawed explanatory framework by attributing redshift to cosmic spatial expansion, imposing a finite age for the universe, and claiming that starlight from remote celestial bodies has not yet arrived on Earth. The whole explanatory system reverses cause and effect and deviates from genuine physical realities. Its most prominent loopholes lie in disregard for three empirically verifiable physical rules. First, when an individual photon travels through pure vacuum, spherical diffusion disperses photons and reduces photon quantity per unit area, while the energy of each individual photon never decreases spontaneously. Photon energy decline originates exclusively from interactive collisions between photons and particles in interstellar media. Second, light from extremely distant stars requires an enormously long travel time to reach Earth, leading to a mismatch between the evolutionary lifespans of stars and the travel duration of their emitted photons. Third, Earth’s atmosphere screens photons selectively according to energy levels: high energy photons get annihilated through ionization while low energy photons penetrate the atmosphere, which serves as one key reason why only a small fraction of starlight is visible to humans in a dark night sky. More importantly, mainstream physics overlooks a fatal underlying principle: high energy gamma photons cannot reach the ground in large quantities. If massive gamma ray photons penetrated the atmosphere and arrived on the surface, all living organisms and observational equipment would be destroyed instantly. The survival of humankind and astronomical observation of starlight themselves prove that high energy starlight is intercepted and eliminated by the atmosphere. Compared with the enormous travel duration of interstellar light signals, the hundred year lifespan of human beings is merely a fleeting moment, making it difficult to capture complete luminous cycles of distant celestial bodies. Based on the photon origin theory and combining propagation effects of interstellar media, genuine atmospheric physics, photon interaction mechanisms, lifetime mismatch between stars and light travel time, as well as facts from high energy astronomical observations, this paper abandons fictitious spacetime hypotheses and builds a self consistent, practical and empirically verifiable new interpretation to end century long controversies over Olbers’ paradox.  |
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