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189、Thresholds of Temperature Upper Lower Bound
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.21757840 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21757840 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract Classical thermodynamics and modern astrophysics have long maintained a one sided view: temperature possesses a strict lower bound defined by absolute zero while lacking a physical upper limit, such that cosmic high temperature values may rise without restriction. This paradigm has persisted for a century without rigorous critical examination. Its root cause lies in the persistent failure of mainstream academia to strictly distinguish the physical nature of real temperature of material particles from photon derived equivalent temperature, leading to fundamental conceptual confusion. Based on the core framework of the Photon Origin Theory, this paper incorporates ultra high energy gamma ray observation data from LHAASO, experimental results from Brookhaven heavy ion collision measurements, and evolutionary logic for compact black hole objects to establish a novel rule governing cosmic temperature boundaries. The real physical temperature of any material system has an absolute upper limit fixed at two trillion degrees Celsius. Once the internal energy accumulation of a system reaches this critical threshold, all material particle structures formed through photon self locking disintegrate completely, and matter reverts into free high energy gamma ray photons. Thermal motion of particles no longer exists, whereby the conventionally defined physical quantity “temperature” ceases to be valid. Extremely high temperature values exceeding two trillion degrees reported in scientific observations represent equivalent temperatures converted from photon energy, which only indicate energy levels rather than thermal states of matter. This paper further demonstrates that conceptual confusion at this fundamental level triggers cascading systematic errors across mainstream physics, high energy experimental studies, astrophysical research, and popular science communication. Consequences include distorted interpretation of physical states in Brookhaven experiments, logically inconsistent black hole evolution models, and persistent unresolved contradictions regarding mechanisms behind high energy jet emissions. The present study corrects the century old misconception that “temperature has a lower bound but no upper limit”. A self consistent, closed framework describing ultimate cosmic temperature behaviour is constructed, providing an alternative fundamental paradigm for future investigations in high energy physics and astrophysical evolution. Keywords: Photon Origin Theory; absolute zero; real temperature; equivalent temperature; upper temperature threshold; photon superposition; Brookhaven experiments; black hole evolution; cognitive fallacy 1. Introduction Temperature is the fundamental physical quantity describing the intensity of thermal motion of microscopic particles, serving as a cornerstone for thermodynamics, statistical physics, high energy physics and astrophysics. Since Lord Kelvin established the absolute temperature scale, the lower boundary of temperature has been precisely defined as absolute zero (0 K, −273.15 °C). This lower limit possesses clear physical definition and rigorous logic, remaining undisputed within modern physics for a century. In stark contrast, mainstream physics has hastily concluded, without strict derivation or logical verification and regardless of physical context, that temperature rises infinitely owing to the openness of mathematical formulations. This statement is not derived from rigorous deduction but represents an inertial verbal paradigm cultivated over decades within physics communities. Mainstream academic circles mechanically repeat the assertion of unlimited high temperature without examining the fundamental definition of temperature or assessing high energy phase transition conditions. The essential distinction between real thermal temperature and equivalent temperature is consistently overlooked. Leading researchers treat basic physical concepts superficially, issuing perfunctory conclusions with disregard for logical self consistency and cascading harm caused by flawed paradigms across disciplinary frameworks. Popular science publications, online media discussions and amateur physical debates subsequently amplify such misconceptions. The unsubstantiated claim that temperature may rise infinitely without cosmic upper limits becomes a deeply entrenched false belief, producing systematic, widespread confusion regarding basic physical concepts. An error at fundamental conceptual levels distorts all higher level research. This seemingly minor confusion over temperature concepts generates persistent unresolved contradictions within contemporary high energy experimental physics and black hole astrophysics. Two representative flawed paradigms are the misinterpretation of physical states from heavy ion collision experiments at Brookhaven National Laboratory and erroneous reasoning within black hole singularity evolutionary models. Heavy ion collisions at Brookhaven produce transient readings corresponding to an equivalent temperature of four trillion degrees Celsius. Researchers hastily infer that plasma states persist above such extreme temperatures. Mainstream interpretations overlook the fact that the four trillion degree value represents an equivalent temperature converted from photon energy rather than genuine thermal temperature of the system. When real thermal temperature exceeds the critical disintegration threshold of two trillion degrees Celsius, matter dissociates into photons, making conventional plasma structures impossible. Precise raw data acquired by sophisticated hardware yields conclusions reversing physical essence because of fundamental cognitive deficiencies. Similarly, contemporary black hole physics models remain trapped within paradoxes. Conventional theories assume crushed material particles and compact plasma inside black holes, describing collapse as degenerative pressure failure towards geometric singularities. Core laws governing photodisintegration triggered by internal energy accumulation reaching the two trillion degree threshold are ignored. Researchers consequently cannot satisfactorily explain the origin of persistent ultra high energy gamma ray jets emitted from black hole poles and attribute jet production superficially to magnetic field acceleration within accretion disks, creating internally inconsistent explanatory chains. Many contradictions encountered within frontier physical research stem not from insufficient observational accuracy or experimental precision, but systematic cognitive collapse induced by ambiguously defined foundational concepts. Adopting the core tenet of the Photon Origin Theory that all tangible matter consists of self locked photon structures and photons may stack densely without spatial volume, this paper clarifies boundaries separating real temperature from equivalent temperature, establishes strict upper and lower cosmic temperature limits, systematically corrects century old physical misconceptions, and supplies logically consistent fundamental reasoning for high energy experiments and compact object evolution as a reference for future physical studies.  |
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