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178、A Novel Physical Interpretation of Spectral Index Observations
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.21488638 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21488638 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract On July 20, 2026, a team from the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, in collaboration with the EHT and GMVA arrays, conducted dual-band millimeter-wave observations at 1.3 mm and 3.5 mm, and obtained the first spatially resolved spectral index map of the compact object at the centre of M87 on event horizon scales. Observations clearly show that the spectral index near the central region is positive, gradually decreases radially outwards and turns negative, and the spectral index transition interface highly coincides with the jet origin region. The mainstream academic community adopts the ADAF accretion flow synchrotron radiation model to interpret the observational results. However, its theoretical premise assumes that plasma charged particles exist in the central region for a long time, which creates an irreconcilable inherent contradiction with the material stability under the extreme high temperature of trillions of Kelvin. Based on the Light Primitive Theory, this paper establishes a layered physical model of reversible phase transition between photons and physical particles. The central region of M87 presents a three-layer gradient structure analogous to the Earth’s core, mantle and crust. The innermost ultra-high-temperature core is a region purely consisting of high-energy gamma photons without any observable charged particles; the middle layer serves as a phase transition transition layer where photons and particles coexist; the outermost layer is dominated by physical charged particles, with only a small amount of gamma photons permeating outwards. From the inside out, the temperature gradually decreases, the proportion of photons declines, and the proportion of particles rises. Millimeter-wave spectra can only be generated by charged particles, so the pure-photon core region cannot be detected via millimeter waves. This observational blind zone precisely confirms the physical feature that the core contains no physical particles and is based on high-density gamma photons. The quasi-collimated through channels at the two poles form genuine jets, while local light transmission in other directions only produces diffuse overflow radiation without the structural characteristics of jets. Instead of pursuing instantaneous high-precision layer sizes, this paper aims to establish a long-term inheritable observation standard for celestial bodies applicable over hundreds of millions of years. Joint millimeter-wave and gamma-ray observations in the future can infer layer boundaries, monitor the increase or decrease of core energy, and judge the overall expansion or contraction evolution trend, providing a brand-new theoretical framework and observation paradigm for long-term research on the celestial evolution at the centre of M87. Keywords: M87; spectral index; Light Primitive Theory; photon-particle phase transition; layered structure; jet; extreme high temperature; celestial evolution 1 Introduction In 2019, the EHT released the first event horizon-scale image of the compact object at the centre of M87, achieving a breakthrough in human black hole imaging. Nevertheless, a single observation band cannot distinguish physical radiation mechanisms. The latest dual-band spectral index observations in July 2026 realised spatial resolution of radiation properties on M87’s event horizon scale for the first time, revealing radial spectral gradient distribution and providing high-precision observational data for testing the physical structure of the central region. Mainstream theories generally adopt the advection-dominated accretion flow model, which holds that relativistic plasma exists globally from the centre to the periphery, and the transition of spectral index between positive and negative values originates from synchrotron self-absorption and the shift between optically thick and thin environments. However, existing temperature estimations indicate that the temperature in the central region exceeds trillions of Kelvin. Under such thermodynamic conditions, physical particles such as electrons and protons cannot exist stably, and the fundamental hypothesis of mainstream models has fundamental physical conflicts. According to the Light Primitive Theory, high-energy gamma photons and physical particles follow temperature-controlled reversible phase transitions. Particles dissociate completely into photons at temperatures higher than the critical value, while high-energy photons condense into stable charged particles after cooling. The system forms a continuous gentle temperature gradient and layered structure, removing the need to assume the existence of plasma in ultra-high-temperature regions, and can self-consistently explain all observational features. This paper establishes a three-layer structural model analogous to Earth’s layers, strictly distinguishes jets from ordinary radiation overflow, constructs a dynamic expansion-contraction evolution mechanism, and proposes a long-term observation scheme, offering a brand-new interpretation system for physical mechanisms and hundreds-of-millions-year evolution of the celestial body at the centre of M87.  |
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