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175、Argument for the Non-Identity of Electrons
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.21436757 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21436757 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract Modern particle physics and quantum field theory regard electrons as strictly identical particles, claiming that all electrons in the universe share identical mass, energy and internal structures with no distinguishable differences. This viewpoint is merely an idealized assumption formulated by physicists to simplify calculations, rather than an objective law governing the microscopic world. According to the Light Origin Theory, an electron is a stable cluster aggregated by high-energy gamma photons bound through self-locking forces, with a benchmark rest energy of 511000 eV (511 keV). A single visible-light photon carries only 2.5 eV of energy; electrons can continuously absorb and emit a large number of visible-light photons within their stable energy range, accompanied by minor continuous variations in total energy and equivalent mass. Electrons objectively possess a stable energy threshold range, yet the precise upper and lower limits and exact fluctuation ratio of this threshold have not been quantitatively measured by any experimental apparatus worldwide to date, and its existence can only be qualitatively confirmed via physical phenomena. Within the threshold range, the binding structure of electrons remains intact and the particle identity is preserved. Nevertheless, each electron inherently differs in the total quantity of internal bound photons, total energy density and equivalent mass. Just as no two identical leaves exist in nature, there are no two identical electrons, positrons, protons or neutrons in the universe. The roughly consistent macroscopic properties such as charge and spin exhibited by particles only represent observational equivalence, rather than identical microscopic structures. When the total energy of an electron exceeds either the upper or lower bound of the stable threshold, the self-locking binding structure of photons collapses completely, and the electron fully dissociates, with all its constituent structures reduced to free high-energy gamma photons. The sole product of particle dissociation is photons, with no other microscopic structures generated. Experiments on electron-positron annihilation and high-energy electron scattering clearly verify this physical mechanism. This paper fundamentally revises the core assumption of identical particles in existing theories and establishes a new system of non-identical microscopic particles based on photon binding thresholds. Keywords: Light Origin Theory; electron; identical particles; energy threshold; photon binding; particle dissociation; gamma photon; proton; neutron 1 Introduction 1.1 Core Misconceptions of Existing Theories Contemporary quantum physics has long adopted the theory of "identical electrons", asserting that all electrons in the universe hold absolutely consistent physical parameters. This model is an ideal mathematical approximation designed to accommodate quantum statistics, scattering calculations and the solution of field equations, and does not reflect the real physical state of microscopic particles. Experiments have long observed the continuous energy distribution of electrons and fluctuations in their equivalent mass, yet existing theoretical frameworks fail to explain such phenomena from the perspective of internal particle structures. They merely attribute energy discrepancies to external motion effects and evade discussions on intrinsic differences inside particles. The international high-energy physics community can only qualitatively confirm the existence of energy stability boundaries for electrons. No quantitative experimental results have been obtained for the precise numerical value and fluctuation range of the electron stability threshold, leaving a long-standing gap in physical research. 1.2 Fundamental Principles of the Light Origin Theory This paper adopts the underlying physical rules of the Light Origin Theory: 1.All massive fundamental particles are stable photon clusters formed by high-energy gamma photons bound via self-locking forces; 2.The rest mass of a particle equals the total energy of all bound photons contained within it; 3.The exclusive final product of particle dissociation is free high-energy gamma photons; 4.The only elementary unit of matter is the photon, with no secondary microscopic structures. Based on this framework, this paper constructs an electron energy threshold model, which theoretically proves thoroughly that electrons are by no means identical particles. This rule applies equally to protons, neutrons and positrons.  |
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