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166、Refutation of Dark Matter and Dark Energy Hypotheses Based
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.21335677 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21335677 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract To explain the anomalous orbital velocities of stars in galaxies, modern astrophysics has introduced the hypotheses of dark matter and dark energy to fill the "gravitational deficit" gap calculated by the classical point-to-point gravitational model. However, these two hypothetical substances have never yielded direct observational evidence or physical verification, serving merely as theoretical patches. This paper relies on an original dual gravitational system of global gravity and chained drag gravity, combined with the evolutionary law of overall galactic contraction. It clarifies that the orbital rotation speed of stars continuously rises during galactic contraction. Galaxies bear no additional external forces, and drag constraints are generated solely by chained gravity between visible celestial bodies. When rotation speeds rise, chained drag gravity has an upper limit, creating temporal hysteresis in the motion of inner and outer stars, which manifests macroscopically as spiral arms with continuously expanding and steepening curvature. If massive dark matter and dark energy existed, they would supply extra external gravitational force and eliminate the drag hysteresis effect, directly conflicting with astronomical observations. From dual dimensions of galactic contraction dynamics and observational facts of spiral arm evolution, this paper thoroughly refutes the physical necessity of dark matter and dark energy, and establishes a self-consistent galactic evolution model entirely supported by gravitational coupling of visible matter. Keywords Global Gravity; Chained Drag Gravity; Galactic Contraction; Orbital Rotation Speed; Spiral Arm Hysteresis Effect; Refutation of Dark Matter; Galactic Evolution 1. Introduction Within the frameworks of classical Newtonian gravity and modern astrophysics, traditional galactic gravitational calculations have long adopted a simplified single-center point-to-point direct gravitational model, which only accounts for the traction exerted by mass in galactic core regions on peripheral stars. A large number of calculations indicate that the total gravitational force from a galaxy’s visible matter fails to match the measured orbital velocities of outer stars, a contradiction defined by academia as the "galactic gravitational deficit crisis". To maintain the self-consistency of existing theoretical systems, physicists proposed the dark matter and dark energy hypotheses, postulating the existence of abundant invisible mass and energy that do not interact electromagnetically to fill gravitational gaps and explain cosmic expansion. Over decades, underground detection and space observation experiments worldwide have failed to capture direct physical signals of dark matter or dark energy, leaving them purely theoretical conjectures to this day. Galactic evolution follows clear objective rules: matter continuously accumulates toward the core, galaxies contract inward over time, and the orbital rotation speed of all stars within a galaxy rises steadily with contraction. The mainstream theory accounting for galactic spiral arm structures is the density wave theory, which can only qualitatively describe static spiral arm morphology and cannot interpret two core observational phenomena: first, spiral arm curvature continuously increases and wrinkles intensify as galaxies contract and rotation speeds climb; second, galactic motion systems lack external applied forces, and motion constraints for celestial bodies can only derive from gravitational drag between celestial bodies themselves. Existing theories fail to build a complete physical correlation linking galactic contraction, speed variation, gravitational drag, and spiral arm deformation. Fundamentally, traditional models carry structural computational flaws: they completely ignore the globally interconnected gravitational interactions of all celestial bodies and fully discard the superposition effect of hierarchical chained gravitational drag. On this basis, this paper centers on the original dual gravitational system, integrates galactic contraction dynamics and observable dynamic evolution of spiral arms, systematically demonstrates the irrationality of dark matter and dark energy hypotheses from three dimensions of evolutionary mechanisms, force balance, and observational evidence, and constructs a galactic evolution model free of dark matter and dark energy relying purely on visible matter.  |
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