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158、Quantitative Research on the Critical Dissociation Energy
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.21185556 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21185556 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract Experimental data from RHIC, LHC heavy-ion colliders and lattice QCD simulations yield a unified conclusion: the critical temperature for complete dissociation of all substantial matter is 2×10^12 K (2 trillion Kelvin), corresponding to an equivalent photon energy of 172.35 MeV. Mainstream black hole theories contain two irreconcilable contradictions. On one hand, high-energy physics experiments verify that once the equivalent energy of a system reaches 2 trillion Kelvin, all substantial matter will completely dissolve, leaving only pure photons without any material particles. On the other hand, the singularity theory of general relativity claims that the central singularity of black holes contains substantial particles with infinitely high real thermodynamic temperature. It also equates the equivalent radiation temperature converted from high-energy photons to the genuine thermal temperature inside singularities. Based on the critical threshold measured by public experiments, this paper completes quantitative conversions between energy and temperature, and compares the magnitude with the 1.4 PeV highest-energy gamma-ray photon observed by LHAASO in the universe. It clearly distinguishes two completely different physical concepts: real thermodynamic temperature and equivalent radiation temperature. Real thermodynamic temperature relies on random thermal motion of substantial particles and becomes completely invalid once the energy exceeds the dissociation critical threshold. Equivalent radiation temperature is merely a mathematical tool for quantifying photon energy; no matter how large its value is, it cannot prove the existence of substantial matter or real high temperature in the region. The claims of substantial particles inside singularities, infinite temperature at singularities, and Planck temperature are all mathematical fabrications derived from confusing the two temperature concepts. This paper fully falsifies the above erroneous viewpoints through quantitative calculations. Keywords Critical dissociation temperature of matter; equivalent radiation temperature; gamma photons; energy-temperature conversion; black hole singularity; applicable boundary of thermodynamics Introduction Basic rules of statistical thermodynamics stipulate two necessary conditions for the existence of real thermodynamic temperature: the system contains structured substantial particles such as protons and neutrons, and these particles continuously collide randomly to form thermal equilibrium. Once all substantial matter is completely dissolved and only pure photons remain, there are no particle thermal motions to support temperature, and the physical quantity of temperature loses its objective physical meaning. Accelerator experiments at Brookhaven RHIC and European LHC, together with lattice numerical simulations published in Science, uniformly calibrate the critical dissociation temperature of matter as 2 trillion Kelvin. When the equivalent energy of a system hits this standard, all atomic and subatomic entities vanish entirely, and the space is transformed into a dense photon aggregate without any substantial particles capable of carrying thermal motion. Nevertheless, modern black hole physics and cosmology suffer an irresolvable logical conflict. The singularity model of general relativity assumes that the central singularity of a black hole accumulates massive substantial particles compressed into an infinitesimal volume with infinite density and infinite real thermal temperature. Researchers measure gamma rays emitted by celestial bodies, convert spectral data into extremely high equivalent temperatures, and mechanically apply these values to the interior of singularities, leading to wrong conclusions about hot singularities filled with substantial matter. Existing foreign literature only separately discusses phase transition temperature or photon radiation temperature, without quantitative comparison of their magnitude gaps, nor targeted analysis of the fundamental conflict between "singularities containing substantial particles" and experimental results of matter dissociation. Taking publicly published experimental data as a unified standard, this paper completes energy-temperature conversions, contrasts observational data of ultra-high-energy cosmic gamma photons, and quantitatively refutes two core errors: singularities holding substantial particles and singularities possessing real high temperature. It provides quantitative support for revising theories related to extreme high temperature.  |
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