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142、Research on the Long-Distance Propagation Mechanism
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20959901 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20959901 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract Mainstream astrophysical theories fail to reasonably explain the differences in jet ranges of central black holes in spiral galaxies, nor can they clarify the underlying mechanism enabling ultra-large-scale black hole jets to propagate stably across tens of millions of light-years. Based on the Unified Theory of Light Origin, this paper redefines the essence of black holes and the core motion properties of photons, and overturns the traditional hypothesis of power-driven jets. The study demonstrates that the core of black holes at the centers of spiral galaxies is a photon soup composed purely of high-energy gamma photons. Photons inherently travel at the speed of light, cannot be accelerated or decelerated, and require no external force or kinetic energy supply. The spiral galactic structure has two exclusive functions: accreting matter to continuously generate high-energy photons, and gradually narrowing the polar escape channels to form high-density gamma photon beams. Jets of ordinary black holes suffer insufficient total photon volume and low energy density; during propagation, they rapidly cool and undergo particleization, and newly generated massive particles form barriers to block subsequent beams, leading to quick jet dissipation. Black holes in late-evolution spiral galaxies possess extreme photon density and ultra-high overall energy. Their beams stay above the particleization threshold over tens of millions of light-years without cooling down and particleizing, eliminating self-blocking from internal generated particles, thus supporting stable ultra-long-distance jet propagation. The proposed mechanism perfectly matches the observed jet characteristics of supermassive central black holes in spiral galaxies at young, middle-aged and elderly evolutionary stages. It also distinguishes short-lived stellar-mass small black holes and covers the evolutionary laws of all types of black holes, realizing a self-consistent unified interpretation of black hole jet phenomena. Keywords Unified Theory of Light Origin; Black Hole; Photon Soup; Gamma Photon; Jet Mechanism; Spiral Galaxy; Particleization Attenuation; Stellar-Mass Black Hole Introduction Black hole jets are among the grandest and most stable high-energy astrophysical phenomena in the universe. Central black holes of spiral galaxies at different evolutionary stages display enormous disparities in jet range, stability and energy intensity. Three typical observational objects, namely Sagittarius A* at the center of the Milky Way, the central black hole of M87, and the central black hole of an elderly spiral galaxy 23 million light-years away from Earth, form a clear evolutionary gradient of jets. Besides, small black holes formed by stellar collapse are fundamentally different from supermassive black holes at galactic centers, featuring extremely short lifespans that prevent complete observation of their jet evolution, creating a theoretical gap unaddressed by conventional theories. Traditional physical theories adopt hypotheses such as gravitational compression, light pressure thrust and radiative repulsion to interpret jet formation and propagation, which carry fatal theoretical flaws. First, they contradict the intrinsic constant-speed property of photons with external force-driven models. Second, they fail to distinguish dual attenuation mechanisms: energy loss from collisions with external interstellar medium and self-blocking loss induced by internally generated particles. Third, they cannot explain hierarchical differences in jet length, intensity and range from the perspective of galactic structural evolution. Fourth, they lack a complete derivation of the transformation chain that inevitably produces photon-soup black holes at spiral galaxy centers, confusing ordinary compact celestial bodies with the photon-soup black holes defined in this paper. Based on the core axioms of the Unified Theory of Light Origin, this paper breaks free from conventional paradigms. Centered on the intrinsic properties of photons, the beam-converging effect of spiral galactic contraction, and the self-blocking mechanism arising from photon particleization, it fully deduces the ultimate physical mechanism of black hole jet formation and long-distance propagation. Supplementary derivations cover the complete transformation logic behind the inevitable formation of photon black holes at galactic centers, and additional discussions on short-lived small stellar-mass black holes are integrated to uniformly explain the observed jet laws of all categories of black holes.  |
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