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140、The Failure of Temperature Definition at Extreme Temperatures
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20920161 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20920161 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract Classical thermodynamics strictly defines temperature as a statistical average kinetic energy of irregular thermal motion of microscopic material particles, a definition that must rely on thermal collisions of solid particles and thermodynamic equilibrium systems. Nevertheless, fundamental logical contradictions persist in modern astrophysics and cosmology. While academia acknowledges that extreme high temperatures will completely disintegrate all microscopic material structures, it continuously adopts ultra-limit physical quantities such as Planck temperature and infinite singularity temperature of black holes, equating mathematically equivalent values to real thermodynamic temperatures. Relying on the unified theory of photon origin, this paper identifies 2 trillion degrees as the ultimate dissociation critical threshold for all material particles. Once the energy of a system exceeds this threshold, all atomic and subatomic particles fully dissolve, leaving only a pure photon energy aggregate with no volume or thermal motion within the system. As a result, the physical carrier of real thermodynamic temperature vanishes entirely, rendering the definition of temperature completely invalid. The extreme high temperatures of black holes and high-energy celestial bodies observed through astronomical detection are essentially equivalent radiation temperatures converted from the frequency spectra of escaping high-energy gamma photons. They merely serve as mathematical tools to quantify photon energy and do not represent genuine thermal motion inside the system. Planck temperature is a theoretical extrapolated value assembled purely through dimensional analysis, lacking any physical entity support or measured evidence. Moreover, its preconditions for existence collapse spontaneously in ultra-high temperature environments, making it a fully fictional physical concept. This paper thoroughly clarifies the essential boundary between real thermodynamic temperature and equivalent radiation temperature, resolves self-contradictions in black hole thermodynamics and extreme cosmic temperature systems, corrects long-standing conceptual confusion in modern physics, and achieves logical self-consistency between high-energy astrophysics and fundamental thermodynamics. Keywords Extreme high temperature; failure of thermodynamic definition; equivalent radiation temperature; Planck temperature; photon aggregate; black hole thermodynamics 1 Introduction Temperature is the foundational physical quantity of thermodynamic systems, and its classical definition carries strict applicable prerequisites: there must exist a system of material particles capable of irregular thermal collisions, alongside a statistically accessible thermodynamic equilibrium state. A pure energy field devoid of solid particles and thermal motion lacks the physical basis to bear real temperature. Under conventional macroscopic, low-temperature and moderate high-temperature scenarios, material particles remain stable, and the deviation between real temperature and equivalent radiation temperature is negligible, eliminating the need for academia to strictly distinguish the two concepts. However, in extreme scenarios such as black holes, the early universe and ultra-high energy particle physics, the material carrier corresponding to temperature fully disintegrates, and the traditional definition of temperature ceases to be applicable. Mainstream modern physics suffers from a fatal paradox of double standards. Consensus in high-energy physics confirms that environments above 2 trillion degrees can break down all microscopic material structures and annihilate material particles entirely. Yet academia arbitrarily employs concepts such as Planck’s ultimate limit temperature and infinite singularity temperature, treating mathematical extrapolation results as objective physical realities. A review of global published research reveals that existing literature only sporadically discusses deviations between radiation temperature and thermodynamic temperature under conventional scenarios. No studies systematically demonstrate the core physical rule that "the definition of temperature completely lapses after full dissociation of material particles", nor refute the physical authenticity of Planck temperature from an ontological perspective. Based on the Grand Unified Theory of Photon Origin, this paper fills this academic gap. It completes a theoretical revision of ultra-high temperature systems across four dimensions: thermodynamic axioms, critical rules of material dissociation, astronomical observational facts, and mathematical logical flaws, constructing a fully self-consistent new logical framework for high-energy thermodynamics.  |
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