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139、On the Theoretical Fictionality of Quarks and Gluons
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20918855 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20918855 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract The Standard Model of particle physics interprets segmented energy signals generated by high-energy collisions of protons and neutrons as quarks and gluons, regarding them as the most fundamental building blocks of matter. Combining macroscopic analogies of iron sphere fragmentation, the unified theory of photon origin, the self-locking mechanism of the strong force, and temperature laws in heavy-ion collisions, this paper demonstrates that high-speed collisions only disintegrate tightly bound clusters of high-energy gamma photons. The fragmented products remain gamma photons of varying energy levels, with no entirely new fundamental material units produced. Multi-segment energy peaks observed in experiments merely reflect energy distribution features of fragmented photons, rather than independent physical entities of quarks and gluons existing inside baryons. The quark-gluon model suffers from five irreconcilable core contradictions: first, it fails to explain the fundamental material composition of quarks and gluons; second, free quarks and gluons cannot be captured or stably isolated for independent observation; third, the number of collision energy peaks is random, yet researchers artificially screen three-peak datasets to fit the theory; fourth, scholars continuously add auxiliary hypotheses to patch up early conjectures, violating the iterative truth-seeking spirit of science. Quarks and gluons are merely mathematical constructs fitted to experimental curves, not objectively real physical entities. The intricate system of numerous hypothetical particles derived from the Standard Model is a series of theoretical patches born from misinterpreting observational signals. All matter in the universe originates exclusively from gamma photons, which aggregate into stably observable physical particles such as protons, neutrons and electrons via the self-locking confinement of the strong force. Keywords: quark; gluon; heavy-ion collision; photon origin; strong force self-locking; scientific iteration 1. Introduction Since the mid-20th century, early low-precision particle scattering experiments led to the conjecture that protons and neutrons contain internal quarks, with gluons mediating the nuclear strong force. This framework gradually evolved into the complete Standard Model of particle physics, which has been included in textbooks as the mainstream explanation for the microscopic structure of matter, spawning dozens of classified particles, multiple conservation laws and a full set of supplementary auxiliary hypotheses. With iterative upgrades to accelerator technology, massive observational datasets from high-precision heavy-ion collision experiments have continuously exposed inherent logical flaws within the Standard Model. Critical unresolved issues include the permanent impossibility of isolating free quarks, a lack of valid explanations for the underlying composition of quarks, and the inconsistent three-peak energy distributions recorded in collisions. The hypothesis of "quark confinement" was invented solely to cover up these contradictions. In the early days, limited precision of detection equipment and an incomplete foundational framework for microscopic physics meant conjectures built on scarce observational data represented normal trial-and-error in scientific exploration, understandable given historical limitations. Today, however, detection apparatus delivers full precision, and abundant contradictory experimental evidence has accumulated. Instead of reconstructing fundamental physical logic to accommodate conflicting observations, mainstream research persistently filters favorable experimental data and layers supplementary hypotheses to sustain outdated theoretical systems. This practice violates the core scientific principle of revising or discarding old conjectures in response to new empirical evidence. This paper adopts the intuitively accessible macroscopic analogy of iron sphere fragmentation to establish equivalent physical logic for baryon fragmentation at the microscopic scale. Drawing upon the unified theory of photon origin for stepwise deduction, it argues across four dimensions — material composition, experimental reproducibility, observational data trends and core principles of scientific research — that quarks and gluons lack the properties of real physical entities, and restores the genuine physical processes unfolding during heavy-ion collisions.  |
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