[交流] 138、Research on the Optimal Path of Controlled Fusion under the Constraint

preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20882875 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20882875 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract Based on the bound photon model, matter contains two mutually independent energy confinement systems: one is the strong interaction potential energy stored between nucleons inside atomic nuclei, and the other is high-energy gamma photon energy storage confined by force fields inside protons and neutrons. The two types of energy storage differ fundamentally in release conditions, energy density and safety boundaries. Taking the unified physical image of "strong interaction potential energy equivalent to a compressed spring", this paper conducts quantitative analysis using a plain-text nuclear reaction expression without superscripts or subscripts, clarifying the composition of reactive particles, the law of energy distribution and the internal mechanism of mass defect. It demonstrates that magnetic confinement tokamak devices only utilize inter-nucleon potential energy at the atomic nucleus level, without destroying the internal confinement structure of protons and neutrons, and there is no risk of releasing high-energy gamma photons confined inside nucleons. This paper systematically analyzes the inherent defects of theoretical concepts such as particle catalysis and full mass-energy conversion: the energy levels of chemical catalysis and strong interaction differ by a million times, making it impossible to regulate nuclear confinement fields across scales. Complete release of all gamma photons inside nucleons will generate uncontrollable local intense radiation and energy detonation, which cannot be realized in engineering. In contrast, tokamak devices rely on toroidal magnetic fields to confine high-temperature plasma and drive controlled light nuclear fusion artificially. The direct product of fusion is stable He4, which does not produce any radioactive substances itself. The only trace radiation sources inside the device are fuel T and neutron-activated components. Both feature weak radiation penetration and extremely short half-lives. Mature engineering technologies including airtight sealing, shielding, low-activation materials and T circulation recovery can completely isolate hazards. There are no long-lived radioactive wastes with half-lives of ten thousand years as seen in nuclear fission. Fuels can be massively extracted from seawater, making tokamak fusion the optimal technical route for large-scale clean energy for humanity in the medium and long term. This paper clarifies the micro underlying mechanism of fusion energy release, and puts a complete set of optimization ideas for tokamak magnetic field configuration, steady-state plasma control and heating systems based on the strong potential energy model, providing a self-consistent unified theoretical support for the iterative optimization of controlled fusion engineering. Keywords: Tokamak; D-T fusion; strong interaction potential energy; mass defect; bound photon model; controllable mass-energy conversion; magnetically confined plasma 1 Introduction 1.1 Two Energy Storage Systems for Mass-Energy Utilization and Limitations of Existing Technologies Plain-text mass-energy equivalence formula: E=m*c^2 Einstein’s mass-energy relation establishes the equivalent correlation between mass and energy. At present, the mature mass-energy utilization method adopted by humanity is nuclear fission, yet this technology has insurmountable drawbacks. During the spontaneous fission of heavy nuclei, the energy release rate cannot be precisely regulated. The reaction generates a large number of radioactive fragments with half-lives ranging from ten thousand to millions of years. Such substances emit highly penetrating ionizing radiation that remains lethal for millions of years, bringing extreme difficulties to storage and disposal. In addition, natural reserves of fission fuels are limited and cannot support global energy demand for a long time. A full mass-energy conversion concept was proposed at the theoretical level: special particle catalysis, resonant electromagnetic fields, gravitational perturbation and other means act directly on individual protons and neutrons to break the internal confinement fields of particles and release all confined high-energy gamma photons, theoretically realizing 100% mass-energy conversion of matter. This idea borrows the core logic of chemical catalysis "reducing reaction potential barrier" and extends it to the dual scales of atomic nuclei and elementary particles to build a hierarchical energy release framework. However, it fails to distinguish the huge energy level gap between chemical bonds and strong interactions, and ignores the extreme energy release and radiation risks brought by full mass-energy conversion, resulting in obvious theoretical loopholes and engineering flaws. 1.2 Core Advantages of Magnetically Confined Tokamak Fusion Tokamak magnetically confined fusion adopts D and T as reactive fuels. High-temperature heating and toroidal strong magnetic fields jointly compress light nuclei to overcome the Coulomb electrostatic barrier and complete fusion reactions. This technology only unlocks the strong interaction potential energy stored between protons and neutrons inside atomic nuclei. The intrinsic structures of protons and neutrons remain intact, and no high-energy gamma photons confined inside particles will be released. The direct reaction product of fusion is stable He4, which produces no radioactive substances or harmful rays by itself. There are only two trace radiation sources inside the device, yet their hazard levels and decay cycles are vastly different from fission waste, and all hazards can be completely controlled through engineering means: 1.Fuel T only emits low-energy beta rays that can be fully blocked by thin plastic or the surface layer of human skin. Weak internal irradiation risks only exist upon inhalation or ingestion, with a half-life of merely 12.3 years; radiation decays to natural background levels within a hundred years. 2.High-energy neutrons collide with cavity metals to generate short-lived activated components that emit a small amount of gamma rays. The longest half-life of activated nuclides is only several decades. Heavy metal shielding and low-activation structural materials can isolate external irradiation, and waste can be rendered harmless after short-term storage. The whole system has no highly toxic radioactive pollutants that persist for ten thousand years as in fission processes. D can be extracted in large quantities from seawater, and T can be closed-loop bred by lithium bombarded with neutrons, leading to nearly unlimited fuel supply. Current research on plasma physics mostly focuses on macroscopic experimental phenomena and numerical simulation, lacking an intuitive unified underlying physical model to connect the micro laws of nuclear reactions with device engineering design. Equipment debugging relies heavily on empirical trial and error, and the guiding value of theory for engineering optimization cannot be fully exerted. This paper introduces the concrete physical model of "compressed spring of strong potential energy", carries out quantitative analysis combined with the plain-text D-T fusion reaction expression without superscripts and subscripts, systematically eliminates the scheme of full particle mass-energy conversion, and fully demonstrates that tokamak fusion is the only safe, sustainable and commercially viable large-scale energy route. 1.3 Research Objectives and Innovations 1.Divide two-tier energy confinement structures of matter based on the bound photon model, clearly distinguish outer strong potential energy between nucleons and inner gamma photon energy storage inside nucleons, and compare their energy release scales and safety boundaries.

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