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137、Unified Deduction of the Generation Mechanism of Protons, Neutrons
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20849157 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20849157 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract Ordinary low-energy photons cannot be converted into solid matter. Only under the combined effects of high-energy collisions, extreme high temperatures, ultra-high particle density and high pressure can high-energy gamma photons be confined within an extremely tiny microscopic space to form a stable binding system relying on the strong interaction force. This binding mechanism is defined in this paper as the strong force self-locking structure. After self-locking, high-energy gamma photons are confined within a narrow microscopic space on the scale of protons, neutrons and electrons, spinning and moving at high speed continuously without escaping freely outwards, thereby generating three fundamental solid particles in the universe: protons, neutrons and electrons. The rest mass of particles originates from the total energy of high-energy gamma photons trapped inside the strong force self-locking structure, following the mass-energy conversion relation \(m=E/c^2\). The higher the total energy of trapped photons, the larger the equivalent rest mass of particles. The strong force self-locking structure possesses stable binding characteristics. Conventional environments and controllable fusion devices can only adjust the arrangement of atomic nuclei or outer electron orbits, failing to disassemble the self-locking structures of protons and neutrons themselves. Observations yield a unified critical temperature standard: when the ambient temperature exceeds 2 trillion degrees Celsius, the self-locking bindings of protons, neutrons and electrons fully collapse, and particles dissociate entirely to revert into clusters of free high-energy gamma photons. During neutron decay, the original integrated self-locking system splits; the decay process must overcome the intrinsic strong force self-locking binding, and Coulomb charge interaction exists between the generated protons and electrons. Ground-based heavy-ion collision experiments can produce instantaneous fireballs of 4 trillion degrees Celsius, far exceeding the critical temperature for particle dissociation. Black hole jets in the cosmos feature natural extreme high-energy environments. Distant regions of jet flows can satisfy complete conditions of high temperature, high pressure and dense high-energy gamma photons to complete strong force self-locking and autonomously generate protons, neutrons and electrons, whose environmental extremes surpass those of ground laboratory equipment. This paper fully sorts out the underlying logic of converting high-energy gamma photons into solid matter via strong force self-locking, uniformly elaborates the origin of particle mass, the critical temperature for particle dissociation and the microscopic force characteristics during neutron decay, and verifies the theoretical logic bidirectionally through ground laboratory observations and cosmic black hole astronomical observations. Keywords strong force self-locking structure; high-energy gamma photon; proton; neutron; electron; photon-to-matter conversion; mass-energy relation; particle rest mass; neutron decay; heavy-ion collision; black hole jet 1 Introduction The mass-energy equation verifies the mutual convertibility of energy and matter. Particle collision experiments have observed that collisions of high-energy gamma photons can generate electron-positron pairs, proving the objective basis for high-energy gamma photons to convert into solid particles. Ordinary visible light, low-energy X-rays and other conventional photons lack sufficient energy levels and cannot form solid matter. Only high-energy gamma photons can participate in matter formation processes. Existing physical theories fail to establish a unified binding model, unable to fully explain the complete process through which high-energy gamma photons solidify into protons, neutrons and electrons, nor clearly illustrate the origin of particle rest mass and the temperature constraints for stable particle existence. Free high-energy gamma photons have no fixed boundary or rest mass. Only when massive high-energy gamma photons are subjected to three extreme conditions — ultra-high kinetic energy collisions, extreme high temperatures and high density with high pressure — can they complete strong force self-locking binding relying on strong interaction forces. After self-locking formation, high-energy gamma photons are confined to microscopic regions on the scale of protons, neutrons and electrons and keep spinning. The total energy stored in the binding system is converted into particle rest mass equivalently via \(m=E/c^2\), forming the fundamental units of all solid matter. Four phenomena — neutron decay, partial particle dissociation in nuclear explosions, full particle melting in heavy-ion collisions and matter generation in black hole jet astronomical environments — can hierarchically confirm the objective existence of strong force self-locking binding. Both experimental and astronomical observations indicate a unified critical temperature threshold: particles of protons, neutrons and electrons lose all binding states and dissociate completely once the temperature reaches 2 trillion degrees Celsius. This paper deduces the full formation process of high-energy gamma photons under strong force self-locking step by step, elaborates the origin of particle mass, conducts analysis based on two types of observational evidence including ground laboratory experiments and black hole astronomical observations, distinguishes three states of self-locking structures under different temperature environments (intact, partially damaged and fully melted), and establishes a unified microscopic theoretical framework for the mutual conversion between high-energy gamma photons and solid matter.  |
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