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127、The Underlying Physical Causes of Constant Vacuum Light Speed
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20794942 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20794942 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract Special relativity takes the constancy of vacuum light speed as a fundamental axiom without explaining its internal origin from the intrinsic properties of photons and the real fundamental forces of the universe. This paper clarifies that there exist only three real fundamental forces in the universe: universal gravitation, electromagnetic force, and nuclear strong force; there is no independent weak force. In a vacuum, photons have no rest mass and carry no electric charge, so none of the three fundamental forces can accelerate or decelerate photons. The constant speed of light in vacuum is an innate intrinsic property of photons, directly verified by a large number of vacuum measurement data and requiring no additional theoretical derivation for proof. The lower apparent speed of light observed in media does not mean photons themselves slow down. Instead, photons collide with medium particles, undergo back-and-forth deflection, and are dragged, extending their propagation paths. Photons still travel at the vacuum light speed through the gaps between medium particles. Massive physical objects can gain speed superposition by moving with their carriers, yet photons can never be accelerated or decelerated. Meanwhile, this paper points out that light speed also follows basic relative velocity logic. Since the speed of ordinary physical objects is far lower than light speed, the resulting relative velocity difference is negligible. This negates the unreasonable postulate of special relativity that "the speed of light remains constant in all moving reference frames". After photons are absorbed by matter, they convert into massive physical particles, and their exclusive property of light speed vanishes accordingly. This paper fully explains the invariance of light speed from the perspective of particle essence and force boundaries, filling the logical blank left by the axiomatic assumptions of relativity. Keywords: constancy of light speed; photon properties; fundamental forces; relative velocity; light propagation in media; special relativity 1 Introduction The constant speed of light in vacuum is a core observational fact in modern optics and particle physics. In 1905, Einstein established special relativity and directly set the invariance of vacuum light speed as a precondition for the theory. Not only did he fail to elaborate the underlying physical mechanism for constant light speed, but he also proposed that the measured vacuum light speed remains identical regardless of an observer’s motion state—a conclusion that clearly conflicts with basic relative velocity logic. For a long time, the academic community has lacked a complete physical interpretation combining the inherent characteristics of photons and the real fundamental force system, while confusing the velocity superposition laws of massive objects and photons. The traditional Standard Model classifies four fundamental forces: gravitation, electromagnetic force, strong force, and weak force. However, previous energy calculations for neutron β decay have confirmed that the weak force is a man-made concept invented to fill gaps in energy calculations, and the only practically effective fundamental forces in the universe are universal gravitation, electromagnetic force, and nuclear strong force. Existing theories fail to distinguish the essential difference between light propagation speeds in vacuum and media, nor do they clearly differentiate the fundamental distinction between massive objects and photons in velocity superposition. Based on the massless and chargeless inherent features of photons, combined with the action conditions and ranges of the three fundamental forces, this paper elaborates the root causes of constant vacuum light speed and the impossibility of accelerating or decelerating photons. It uses a comparative case of bullets inside a carriage to intuitively distinguish massive objects from photons, clarifies the formation mechanism of the apparent low speed in media, and restores the objective fact that light speed itself follows relative velocity rules. A complete physical logic system without extra axioms and consistent with measurement results is constructed.  |
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