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126、Analysis of Contradiction Between Coulomb Separation
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20794422 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20794422 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract This paper adopts authoritative particle physical constants from PDG and NIST databases to calculate the complete energy balance of free neutron β decay. The total intrinsic decay energy ΔE = 0.782 MeV is derived from the static mass difference of neutrons, protons and electrons. Inside a neutron, protons and electrons are tightly bound. Separating them requires consuming Coulomb separation work E_Coul = 0.393 MeV to overcome electrostatic attraction. After deducting this energy loss, the actual total kinetic energy of protons and electrons is approximately E_k ≈ 0.390 MeV, which is fully consistent with the kinetic energy data of decay products measured in early experiments. Mainstream theoretical calculations completely ignore the hard energy loss of Coulomb separation work, artificially creating an energy gap, and the neutrino hypothesis was proposed to fill the gap. After fully including the energy loss caused by overcoming Coulomb force, the energy balance of the entire decay system is completely self-consistent, and there is no need to introduce neutrinos. The seemingly missing energy in experiments is not carried away by unknown particles, but consumed in the electrostatic work of splitting protons and electrons. The work done by short-range strong force between protons and electrons is extremely low, which can be ignored for the overall energy balance. This paper further puts forward a core viewpoint: independent weak interaction does not exist in neutron decay, and weak force is not a real fundamental force of the universe. Only Coulomb force and short-range strong force exist throughout the whole process of β decay; gravitational force is extremely weak at micro scale and can be directly ignored. The essence of β decay is the redistribution and transformation of internal particle energy, rather than a process driven by a special "weak force". Keywords: β decay; Coulomb separation work; energy conservation; neutrino; weak interaction; particle static energy 1 Introduction Spontaneous β decay of free neutrons is a classic observed nuclear physical phenomenon. For a long time, there are two core deviations in the academic community regarding its energy balance and force mechanism. First, in terms of energy calculation: calculated by particle static energy calibrated in authoritative databases, subtracting the sum of proton and electron static energy from neutron static energy yields a total decay energy ΔE = 0.782 MeV. Existing mainstream theories only count the kinetic energy of protons and electrons flying out after decay, and completely fail to consider the Coulomb separation work required to split protons and electrons inside neutrons. This generates a theoretical energy difference, and it is further assumed that neutrinos carry the missing energy to realize theoretical self-consistency. Second, in terms of force action: the weak force defined by the Standard Model is not an independent fundamental force. Only Coulomb force and short-range strong force exist throughout neutron decay, and there is no special decay-driven force. β decay is merely a process of internal particle energy release and transformation, and cannot be attributed to weak force action. Based on Coulomb formula, this paper calculates the potential energy required to separate charges, and verifies it by comparing with measured kinetic energy data of early decay products. It proves that the energy gap is an artificial illusion caused by omitting Coulomb potential energy, and energy conservation can be satisfied without hypothetical neutrinos. Meanwhile, this paper clarifies the real forces in the decay process and negates the definition of weak force as an independent fundamental force. The influence of short-range strong force between protons and electrons is negligible and does not change the core conclusion.  |
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