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120、Static Compression Cannot Disintegrate Neutron Structures
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20734839 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20734839 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract The mainstream astrophysical theory attributes the evolution of massive neutron stars into black holes to gravitational static pressure exceeding neutron degeneracy pressure, which crushes neutron structures through mechanical extrusion. Combining three sets of objective evidence including measured mechanical data from heavy-ion collisions, observed temperatures of neutron stars, and the critical temperature for hadron deconfinement, this paper conducts rigorous comparison between dynamic and static loads to deduce that the slowly accumulated gravitational static pressure inside stars cannot reach the mechanical threshold required to disintegrate neutrons. Only the continuous heat accumulation from gravitational compression can raise the core temperature above the critical deconfinement temperature of approximately 2*10^12 K, triggering global melting of neutrons and their transformation into high-energy photon fluids. This process constitutes the only self-consistent path for neutron stars to collapse into black holes. All fundamental physical parameters adopted in this paper are derived from accelerator experiments and astronomical telescope observations, avoiding purely speculative deductions and forming a complete and rigorous deduction chain. Meanwhile, this paper compares the inherent stagnation defect of the mechanical extrusion model, and verifies that the chain high-temperature reaction of photon soup can proceed continuously without interruption, forming a complete evolutionary closed loop explaining the full collapse of neutron stars into black holes, and providing a new alternative theoretical paradigm for the evolution of compact celestial bodies. Keywords neutron star; black hole; degeneracy pressure; dynamic and static loads; high-temperature phase transition; melting dissociation; chain reaction Introduction The collapse of neutron stars into black holes is one of the most core and controversial fundamental problems in high-energy astrophysics. For a hundred years, the mainstream academic community has established a standard model based on the TOV hydrostatic equation, which uniformly holds that the fundamental mechanism for the black hole transformation of neutron stars is the continuous increase of gravitational static pressure, which eventually overcomes neutron degeneracy pressure and crushes neutron structures through mechanical extrusion to achieve stellar collapse. However, this classical model has always contained physical loopholes that cannot be closed. Firstly, there is no unified and experimentally calibrated precise value for neutron degeneracy pressure. Different equation-of-state simulations yield vastly different critical masses and ultimate pressures, and the academic community cannot quantitatively prove that stellar static pressure can destroy neutron nuclear structures. Secondly, the traditional model confuses the physical nature of dynamic impact loads and static extrusion loads, and incorrectly equates the conclusion that "high-speed impact can break atomic nuclei" from heavy-ion collisions to the billions-of-years-long static pressure environment inside neutron stars, leading to invalid mechanical logic. Modern astronomical observations have accurately measured the surface temperatures and cooling laws of various neutron stars. Heavy-ion collision experiments have precisely obtained the dynamic impact energy required for nuclear structure dissociation, and quantum chromodynamics simulations have accurately calibrated the critical temperature range for complete melting and dissociation of hadrons. Based on all publicly available and reproducible experimental and observational facts, this paper re-derives the collapse mechanism of neutron stars in a rigorous manner. Through three joint pieces of evidence — comparison of failure efficiency between dynamic and static loads, constraints from measured neutron star temperatures, and the critical temperature boundary of nuclear high-temperature phase transition — this paper proves that static gravitational extrusion cannot break neutrons, the traditional extrusion collapse model inevitably stagnates during evolution and cannot form complete black holes. The real collapse mechanism lies in the ultra-high temperature generated by heat accumulation via gravitational compression: neutrons melt into photon fluids, and the sustained collapse is realized through self-sustained chain high-temperature reactions, eventually evolving fully into black holes.  |
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