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116、Neutron Stars Collapsing into Black Holes
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20716503 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20716503 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract Mainstream astrophysical theories hold that neutron stars evolve into black holes when gravitational pressure exceeds neutron degeneracy pressure. Mechanical compression crushes neutron structures, eventually leading to gravitational collapse into a singularity. This paper proposes a disruptive revised model. It is a fundamental physical rule that mass generates gravity, and no gravity exists without mass. Neutron degeneracy pressure is extremely strong and cannot be easily broken by pure mechanical compression. The real trigger for the transition from a neutron star to a black hole is excessive pressure-induced extreme high temperature, rather than overload compression. When the temperature exceeds the dissociation critical point of \(1–2\times10^{12}\ \text{K}\), neutron structures undergo thermal collapse and transform into high-energy photon gas. Photons have no rest mass, so pure photon gas cannot produce gravity. Partial material converted into photons reduces the overall gravitational pull of the star. However, outer neutrons with mass remain bound together by gravity, confining the internal photon gas. Driven by the chain dissolution effect of the photon gas, residual material is continuously decomposed until the entire star fully transforms into a black hole. Supermassive black holes with a scale of up to 40 billion kilometers exist at the centers of spiral galaxies. Material converges toward the galactic center mainly driven by rotational force and inertial force of galaxy rotation, while gravity plays a secondary role. Material is continuously converted by photon gas, enabling black holes to keep expanding. This model fixes the self-consistency flaws of the traditional degeneracy pressure collapse theory and redefines the formation mechanism and physical essence of black holes. Keywords Neutron star; Black hole; Neutron degeneracy pressure; Gravitational collapse; Extreme high temperature; Hadron dissociation; Photon gas; Chain dissolution reaction; Rotational force; Inertial force; Supermassive black hole 1 Introduction At the final evolutionary stage of massive stars, gravitational collapse strips away electron shells of atoms, and matter exists in the form of neutron degenerate state, forming stable neutron stars. The classic modern theory of black hole evolution (TOV limit theory) generally states that once a neutron star exceeds the critical mass threshold, mechanical gravitational pressure overcomes neutron degeneracy pressure, forcibly crushes neutrons, and triggers unlimited material collapse to form a black hole. This theory has two fundamental logical contradictions that cannot be resolved. First, neutron degeneracy pressure is a powerful repulsive effect at the quantum scale. Its mechanical threshold is so high that macroscopic gravitational pressure can hardly crush neutron structures mechanically. Second, following the rule that mass produces gravity and no gravity exists without mass, neutrons converted into photons carry no rest mass, and the resulting photon gas generates no gravitational effect. According to the compression collapse logic, once part of neutrons dissociate into photons, the star’s effective gravitational mass drops sharply, and the external compressive force weakens simultaneously. The collapse will inevitably halt halfway, making complete conversion of the entire star into a black hole impossible. Based on research on high-temperature phase transition, this paper establishes a new evolutionary framework. Gravity acts only as an initial driver to raise the stellar temperature through compression work. Thermal dissociation, instead of mechanical compression, directly causes neutron decomposition. The internal photon gas is trapped by outer massive matter via gravitational binding. The high-temperature chain dissolution effect continuously breaks down surrounding matter, which perfectly explains the complete process of neutron stars evolving into black holes. Rotational force and inertial force play key roles in the formation of supermassive black holes at galactic centers, further verifying the rationality of the photon gas model.  |
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