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112、On the Origin of Forces
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20684869 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20684869 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract All substances in the universe originate from light energy. Photons represent free flowing primordial energy. Elementary particles including protons, neutrons and electrons are the first formed material units generated after photons are confined within micro scale spaces. Macroscopic objects such as rocks and planets are assembled step by step from these elementary particles. Well verified mathematical formulas governing gravitational force, Coulomb electromagnetic force and strong nuclear force have mature computational frameworks in modern physics. Current physical theories master force calculation rules yet overlook a core fundamental problem: the origin of fundamental interactions. Mainstream physical frameworks interpret gravity, electromagnetic force and strong force separately via distinct models, namely spacetime curvature and gauge boson based quantum field theories, lacking a unified underlying origin. This paper puts forward a core premise that all matter is confined light energy. The hierarchical cosmic evolution sequence is clarified: confined free flowing photons produce elementary particles; protons and neutrons form atomic nuclei; positive proton charges bind negatively charged electrons to build atoms; atoms form molecules, which further aggregate into bulk matter. Qualitative logical reasoning demonstrates force generating mechanisms. Unconfined free photons exhibit no mutual interactions. After photons are trapped inside protons, neutrons and electrons, the innate tendency of confined photons to restore free motion generates three fundamental forces. Corresponding to confinement scales from nuclear microcosm, atomic intermediate layer to astronomical macroscopic scale, strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force and universal gravitation emerge sequentially. Established physical formulas are retained without revision. This paper sorts out the causal evolutionary chain: light energy elementary particles atomic nuclei atoms molecules macroscopic matter fundamental forces, supplementing the missing origin based theory within existing physics systems. Keywords: origin of fundamental forces; photon; free confinement model; elementary particles; atomic nucleus; light energy; cosmic matter evolution 1 Introduction 1.1 Core Deficiencies of Existing Physical Theories First of all, mainstream theories omit detailed intermediate stages of cosmic matter formation. Energy to macroscopic matter evolution follows a strict sequential order. Free photons transform into protons, neutrons and electrons after spatial confinement. Protons and neutrons aggregate into atomic nuclei bound by strong nuclear force. Positive charged atomic nuclei attract negative charge electrons via electromagnetic interactions to form atoms. Atoms bond into molecules, and massive molecular clusters eventually develop into macroscopic objects, ranging from rocks, planets to living organisms. Conventional physical descriptions simplify this multi stage procedure, which may cause logical leaps, for instance, misconceptions that photons directly form celestial bodies. Moreover, mainstream physics fails to explicitly state that protons, neutrons and electrons are essentially spatially confined light energy configurations. Second, the root cause of fundamental forces remains unsolved. Gravitational, electromagnetic and strong force formulas precisely calculate force magnitude and interaction range, supporting applications of astrophysics, nuclear physics and engineering related disciplines. Nevertheless, mathematical formulas only summarise surface level behavioural laws of forces rather than explain their initial generation. General relativity and quantum field theory describe transmission modes of fundamental interactions, yet evade the core question: why mutual physical interactions exist in the early stage universe. Numerous researchers master numerical calculations of physical forces without understanding their underlying origins. 1.2 Core Premises and Research Boundaries A fundamental axiom is defined: primordial cosmic substance is light energy. Unrestricted photons are free state energy carriers. Protons, neutrons and electrons are primary particles formed by confined photons. Atomic nuclei are assembled from protons and neutrons; electrostatic interactions between nuclear protons and extranuclear electrons produce atoms; molecules and macroscopic bulk matter form afterwards. Energy and matter share identical essence, differing merely as free state and confined state configurations of light energy. Research scopes are constrained as follows. Experiment validated physical formulas are fully recognised, with no newly derived quantitative equations or revisions of proven physical laws. This study aims to reconstruct the complete evolutionary chain from light energy converted particles to bulk matter, alongside force generation processes. The complete cosmic evolution sequence is listed below: Free flowing photons (diffused light energy) → spatially confined photons condense into protons, neutrons and electrons → protons neutron clusters form atomic nuclei held by strong nuclear force → positively charged atomic nuclei attract extranuclear electrons to construct atoms → atoms bond into molecules; molecules aggregate into macroscopic objects → confined internal photons tend to break spatial confinement and regain free motion → particle to particle behaviours including pulling, attraction and repulsion generate fundamental forces. Strong force, electromagnetic force and gravitational force form sequentially corresponding to expanding spatial scales from micro nuclear domains to macroscopic cosmic spaces. 1.3 Research Significance Detailed intermediate evolutionary stages of atomic nuclei and atoms eliminate logical gaps of cross stage jumps within previous models. The free confinement based framework unifies the origins of three fundamental forces. Sequential relations among light energy, elementary particles, atomic nuclei, atoms, bulk matter and physical interactions are clarified, resolving long standing puzzles of cosmic matter formation and force origins in fundamental physics.  |
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