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106、The Physical Essence of Neutrons and the Inevitability
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20608368 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20608368 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract According to the Unified Theory of Three Fundamental Forces, the basic interactions in nature that can be expressed by mechanical formulas are universal gravitation, electromagnetic force and strong interaction. The traditionally defined weak interaction is essentially the phenomenon of neutron decay. It only contains fixed observed values such as energy and particle quantity, without dedicated mechanical formulas or independent action mechanisms, so it does not fall into the category of fundamental forces. The strong interaction is a short-range mass coupling force with an exponential attenuation term, while the Coulomb electromagnetic force is a long-range charge coupling force. The inherent conflicts between their operating laws make it impossible for pure proton clusters to form stable atomic nuclei. As electrically neutral nucleons, neutrons undertake critical functions including buffering, connecting and spacing limitation. They first bind with protons via the strong nuclear force to form basic units, and then gradually draw other protons into the effective range of the strong force. Adjacent protons inside atomic nuclei are also subjected to the strong nuclear force, whose magnitude is far greater than the Coulomb repulsion between protons. The combined effect of multiple forces guarantees the stability of nuclear structures. Based on the formulas and calibrated parameters in Unified Theory of Three Fundamental Forces, this paper carries out quantitative comparative calculations of the two types of forces. The research results show that if neutrons did not exist in the universe, only hydrogen atoms would remain. Heavy elements and complex substances could not be produced, and core cosmic nuclear reactions including nuclear fusion and nuclear fission would disappear completely. Neutrons are essential for the existence of microscopic nuclear structures, macroscopic material worlds and cosmic energy evolution. Keywords Unified Theory of Three Fundamental Forces; Strong Nuclear Force; Coulomb Repulsion; Exponential Attenuation; Neutron; Atomic Nucleus Structure; Nuclear Reaction Introduction The atomic nucleus is the core component of an atom and the microscopic foundation of all substances in the universe. The hydrogen nucleus consists of a single proton, which is the simplest atomic nucleus. All atomic nuclei of heavy elements such as helium, lithium, carbon, oxygen and heavy metals are composed of protons and neutrons. For a long time, the physics community has recognized the importance of neutrons for the stability of atomic nuclei, but most relevant studies are limited to qualitative descriptions, lacking complete and quantitative interpretations from the perspectives of mechanical essence, formula rules and dynamic combination processes of particles. This research is conducted based on Unified Theory of Three Fundamental Forces. The scope of fundamental interactions in nature is redefined. Universal gravitation, electromagnetic force and strong interaction have complete mechanical laws and general calculation formulas, which are genuine fundamental forces. The so-called weak interaction represented by neutron decay is merely a natural phenomenon of particle transformation and energy release. Its decay products and released energy are fixed constant values, which cannot be deduced or calculated by mechanical formulas. Since there is no independent interaction mechanism, it is excluded from the fundamental mechanical system. In terms of action essence, universal gravitation and strong interaction both belong to mass coupling interactions with identical mathematical structures, differing only in coupling constants, action scales and attenuation characteristics. The electromagnetic force is a charge coupling force that follows the inverse square law. The strong nuclear force is a short-range force due to the exponential attenuation term, while the Coulomb repulsion is a long-range force. The conflicts between their properties determine that atomic nuclei with multiple nucleons cannot be formed by protons alone. Being uncharged, neutrons can avoid the hindrance of Coulomb repulsion and act as a core medium for nucleon aggregation and heavy element generation. This paper distinguishes original theoretical formulas from classical physical formulas and marks literature sources respectively. Combined with the dynamic process of nucleon combination and quantitative force analysis, it elaborates the irreplaceable physical value of neutrons layer by layer. It further demonstrates the chain reactions caused by the absence of neutrons on elemental systems, macroscopic substances and nuclear reactions, and establishes a complete logical system covering microscopic particles and the macroscopic universe.  |
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