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105、Origin, Existence and Stability Mechanism of Electric Charge
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20607318 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20607318 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract Classical physics and modern quantum theories have long summarized the external phenomena, quantitative indicators and interaction laws of electric charge, yet failed to answer the fundamental question of why electric charge exists and what its core value is. Based on the decay laws of microscopic particles, binding modes of atomic nuclei and formation logic of three-dimensional atomic structures, this paper puts forward a new inference: electric charge is not an inherent incidental physical parameter of elementary particles, but a core attribute evolved by material particles to get rid of isolated instability, realize inter-particle symbiosis and build stable microstructures. Physical experiments prove that all elementary particles including protons, neutrons and electrons cannot maintain long-term stability in isolation. Free neutrons will undergo spontaneous decay in a short time, while isolated protons and free electrons are incapable of building material systems. Two distinct interactions enable particles to achieve stable binding: neutrons and protons aggregate via the strong interaction to form atomic nuclei, the core units of matter. Protons inside atomic nuclei further bind extranuclear electrons through electromagnetic force generated by electric charge, gradually forming structurally complete atoms. Atoms assemble and combine to evolve into molecules and various observable macroscopic substances. Based strictly on objective experimental phenomena, this paper does not trace the original origin of electric charge in the universe, but deduces the inevitability of its existence from the perspective of particle survival and structural stability. It systematically elaborates the underlying logic of unit positive-negative charge pairing, orderly operation of atoms and diversification of material forms. Breaking away from the traditional interpretation of quantum superposition state, this study establishes a new theoretical system of charge function centered on structural stability. Keywords Electric charge; Particle stability; Strong interaction; Atomic structure; Particle decay; Material symbiosis system 1 Introduction Within the theoretical framework of contemporary mainstream physics, electric charge is defined as a fundamental intrinsic property of elementary particles of matter. After long-term experimental research and theoretical summarization, academic circles have sorted out a series of superficial laws such as the law of conservation of charge, rules of electromagnetic interaction and mutual attraction between positive and negative charges, which can accurately describe the manifestations and effects of electric charge in different scenarios. Nevertheless, physicists still cannot answer a core question concerning the essence of microscopic matter: why did electric charge, a special property, come into being during the evolution of the universe? Why must elementary particles bind to each other by virtue of electric charge so as to construct a complete material world with rich layers and diverse forms? Traditional quantum theory adopts the concept of superposition state to describe the motion of electrons, which is obviously inconsistent with the objective fact that matter has a three-dimensional structure. On the one hand, heavy atoms contain different numbers of protons and extranuclear electrons. Electrons revolve in layers, operate independently without mutual interference, and always maintain a stable operating order, which cannot be reasonably explained by the superposition state theory. On the other hand, physical phenomena such as the decay of free neutrons and the general instability of isolated particles are also difficult to interpret with relevant theories of superposition state. A large number of repeated physical experiments have fully verified that neither electrically neutral particles nor charged particles can achieve long-term stability once isolated from other particles. The natural lifetime of a free neutron is only about ten minutes. An isolated proton cannot participate in chemical bond formation and microstructure construction, while free electrons drifting in space are always in disordered motion. Throughout nature, all stably existing substances survive because elementary particles gather, combine hierarchically and restrict one another. Given the above research status and objective physical phenomena, this paper starts from the core perspective of stable survival of particles, distinguishes the functional differences between the strong interaction and electromagnetic force, and analyzes layer by layer the existential significance, basic characteristics and stability mechanism of electric charge. Through multi-dimensional demonstration, this paper clarifies that electric charge is an indispensable prerequisite for microscopic particles to build stable structures, form atoms and molecules, and breed a diverse material universe.  |
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