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104、On the Fundamental Composition of Matter and the Photon Nature
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preprint of cern doi :10.5281/zenodo.20602478 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20602478 my academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. you may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by english title or english keywords) to view the full english and chinese pdf texts. Abstract The modern theoretical system of particle physics has become increasingly complicated and introduced numerous hypothetical particles. Meanwhile, the spin of protons, neutrons and electrons is defined as an abstract intrinsic quantum property, without a reasonable interpretation of its physical mechanism. Based on the Unified Theory of Cosmic Great Cycle, this paper proposes that all tangible matter in the universe is composed of only three fundamental particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. The spin of these particles originates from the continuous rotational motion of high-energy gamma photons confined within their tiny internal spaces. When gamma photons are trapped, the overall structure exhibits macroscopic mass, while the photons themselves remain in the form of light and retain their inherent property of perpetual motion. Their range of movement is merely restricted inside the enclosed structure, and light can never be completely confined. Differences between various particles lie in the quantity and total energy of internal gamma photons. This study takes energy as the core evaluation criterion, and does not define the exact number of internal photons. Experimental measurements show that the mass of a proton is approximately 1836 times that of an electron, and the mass of a neutron is about 1839 times that of an electron, presenting distinct energy discrepancies among the three particles. These particles have minor energy fluctuations, whose amplitude is negligible for fundamental research. Once the confining structure of particles is destroyed, internal gamma photons break free and propagate outward, releasing enormous stored energy. Nuclear explosion is the most intuitive manifestation of this process. This paper systematically elaborates the internal mechanism of material essence and particle spin, and establishes a logically consistent model for microscopic physics. Keywords fundamental particle; composition of matter; particle spin; confined photon; gamma photon; light confinement structure; nature of energy; mass ratio 1. Introduction There is a clear hierarchical structure from macroscopic matter to microscopic components. All substances in nature are made up of molecules, which are bonded together by atoms. An atom consists of extranuclear electrons and an atomic nucleus, and the atomic nucleus is formed by tightly bound protons and neutrons. It can be confirmed that protons, neutrons and electrons are the only three types of fundamental particles that construct all matter in the universe. Their objective existence can be verified through direct experimental detection. Other particles mentioned in the Standard Model of particle physics are mostly derived from mathematical deduction and theoretical hypotheses. They cannot be confirmed as real and stable fundamental particles like protons, neutrons and electrons. Therefore, such hypothetical particles are excluded from the discussion on the composition of matter in this paper. A large number of physical experiments have proven that protons, neutrons and electrons all possess spin, which is a common core characteristic of microscopic fundamental particles. Mainstream physical theories have long evaded the mechanical origin of spin, and merely classify it as an innate and unexplainable intrinsic property of particles. As a result, the research on this microscopic phenomenon stays at the stage of observational description. Guided by the core viewpoint that all matter originates from light, this paper adopts the photon confinement model to analyze the essence of particle spin. It clarifies the evolutionary relationship between tangible matter and high-energy photons, and fully expounds the operating rules of microscopic particles by combining the motion characteristics of photons, energy features, mass ratios of particles, minor energy fluctuations, and energy release after the collapse of confining structures.  |
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