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100、A Discussion on Apparent Photon Momentum
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Preprint of CERN doi :10.5281/zenodo.20559133 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20559133 My academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. You may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. Readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by English title or English keywords) to view the full English and Chinese pdf texts. Abstract Classical physics has long assumed that free photons carry intrinsic momentum inherently, which is used to interpret optical phenomena including light pressure, laser cooling and the photoelectric effect. However, the fundamental definition of momentum P=mv leads to an unavoidable logical contradiction: momentum is inseparable from mass. If photons have intrinsic momentum, they must possess inherent mass, conflicting with the well-established property that free photons travel constantly at the speed of light in vacuum with zero rest mass, forming an irreparable foundational flaw in conventional physical frameworks. Combining the complete intrinsic properties of photons, this paper establishes a new physical picture based on the mechanism that trapped radiant light energy converts into tangible mass. A free photon solely consists of pure radiant energy without substantial mass or innate momentum. All momentum-related effects observed in optical experiments emerge as apparent secondary momentum after photons are captured and confined by matter, with trapped radiant energy solidifying into physical mass that inherits the original moving direction of incident photons. Once light energy transforms into material mass, photons cease traveling at the speed of light immediately, and the final velocity of newly generated particles is determined by the overall energy gain and loss throughout the confinement process. Velocity alteration caused by single-photon capture is extremely negligible, and macroscopic outcomes such as laser cooling and laser-driven atomic acceleration arise from cumulative confinement and repeated energy exchange of massive quantities of photons. All classic physical formulas including Einstein’s \(E^2=(pc)^2+(m_0c^2)^2\), the photon momentum formula P=E/c and relativistic dynamic mass equations remain mathematically valid without denial in this article; this work only redefines their applicable scope. Supported by landmark laser cooling experiments completed by Steven Chu and William D. Phillips featuring opposite and co-directional laser incidence, this paper corrects the long-standing misunderstanding of photon momentum and elaborates the fundamental interaction principle between light and matter under a unified physical mechanism. Keywords: photon; intrinsic momentum; photon energy confinement; mass-energy conversion; laser cooling; essence of momentum; intrinsic photon properties 1 Introduction Within the framework of classical electromagnetism and modern quantum optics, the formula P=E/c is universally adopted to define intrinsic photon momentum, alongside dynamic mass formulas and Einstein’s relativistic energy-momentum relation \(E^2=(pc)^2+(m_0c^2)^2\). Photon momentum is treated as an innate fundamental property of photons, and physical phenomena such as light pressure and laser cooling are conventionally explained via the mechanical collision of intrinsically moving photons transferring momentum to target substances. This mainstream interpretation contains an inherent logical paradox rooted in the core momentum definition P=mv, which dictates that mass is a necessary prerequisite for momentum generation. If photons traveling freely in vacuum carry native momentum, they must have tangible rest mass, yet massive particles cannot sustain invariant light-speed propagation, directly contradicting the confirmed constant velocity of photons in vacuum. When light irradiates microscopic matter such as atoms or electrons, absorbed radiant energy solidifies into constituent physical mass of the absorbing substance. Physicists have long experimentally observed consequent variations in system mass and kinetic energy after photon absorption, yet the chronological formation sequence of momentum has never been properly clarified. Researchers mechanically apply the relation P=E/c as an intrinsic physical parameter for free photons and rely on mathematical formula fitting to match experimental surface data while ignoring underlying physical transformation rules. On the premise of retaining all conventional formulas and limiting their valid application boundaries, this paper constructs a logically consistent theoretical system built upon photon confinement and energy-to-mass conversion together with full intrinsic photon characteristics.  |
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