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96、On the Photon-Bound Nature of Matter's Origin
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Preprint of CERN doi :10.5281/zenodo.20457093 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20457093 My academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. You may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. Readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by English title or English keywords) to view the full English and Chinese pdf texts. Abstract Based on laboratory measurements and cosmic observational facts, this paper proposes the photon-binding theory of matter's origin: fundamental massive particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons are formed by high-energy gamma photons undergoing collision, binding, and energy–matter phase transition. When the ambient temperature reaches 4 trillion degrees Celsius, all massive particles completely disintegrate, leaving only high-energy gamma photons in the system. In fact, at 2 trillion degrees Celsius, protons, neutrons, and other elementary particles can no longer exist stably and begin to disintegrate. As the temperature gradually drops, high-energy photons collide and bind with each other to stably produce protons, neutrons, and electrons, which further combine to form simple atoms such as hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium, and eventually condense into cosmic nebulae. The STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, heavy-ion collision experiments, and black hole jet observations consistently demonstrate that the near-horizon region of a black hole jet is a pure gamma-photon stream without any massive particles; as it spreads outward and cools naturally, photon collisions generate stable particles, which gradually evolve into atoms and nebulae. The entire process requires no participation of fictitious particles such as quarks, gluons, or Higgs bosons. To explain the structure of protons and neutrons, modern mainstream particle physics has introduced numerous hypotheses that have not been directly verified by observations. This practice essentially covers a single unknown with multiple unknowns, violating the principles of empirical science. This paper points out that the only core problem physics truly needs to solve is the binding mechanism of high-energy photons after collision. Scientific research should return to experimental and observational facts, adhere to the principle of simplicity, abandon fictitious hypotheses unsupported by evidence, and reconstruct a unified physical picture with photons as the origin of matter. Keywords: photon collision; binding mechanism; matter generation; heavy-ion collision; black hole gamma jet; particle physics hypothesis 1. Introduction The origin of matter is a core topic in modern physics. Mainstream particle physics takes the quark model as its core framework and introduces microscopic particle concepts such as gluons and Higgs bosons to explain hadron structure and mass origin. However, this theoretical system has obvious flaws: quarks cannot be directly observed or isolated, and related inferences rely heavily on theoretical assumptions without direct experimental confirmation. To patch loopholes in the theory, the academic community has continuously added new concepts and attributes, leading to a growing number of unsolved problems. In contrast, multiple experiments and cosmic observations have confirmed the objective process of high-energy photons transforming into massive particles. A series of experiments conducted at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory have repeatedly observed the production of massive particles from high-energy photon collisions. Cosmically, black holes eject directional high-energy streams from their poles; only gamma photons exist in the near-horizon region. As the stream extends outward and cools naturally, it gradually forms protons, neutrons, electrons, and further combines into atoms and nebulae. Based on observable facts, this paper proposes that all fundamental massive particles are directly bound from high-energy gamma photons, with no need to introduce various fictitious particles in the whole evolutionary chain. At present, the only unclear issue is the binding mechanism between high-energy photons after interaction. Scientific research should be grounded in experimental phenomena, follow the principle of simplicity, and break away from fictitious deductions unsupported by evidence.  |
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