[交流] 90、Correction and Derivation of Einstein's Photoelectric Effect Mechanism

Preprint of CERN doi :10.5281/zenodo.20356442 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20356442 My academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. You may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. Readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by English title or English keywords) to view the full English and Chinese pdf texts. Abstract In 1905, Einstein proposed the theory of the photoelectric effect. Based on the light quantum hypothesis and energy conservation formula, he successfully explained the experimental laws of the photoelectric effect, which promoted the development of quantum physics. His pioneering historical contribution is beyond doubt. However, limited by the theoretical cognition of his time, Einstein introduced the concept of photon dynamic mass and built a physical model that electrons are emitted by the impact of photon dynamic mass, which became the core logic of his explanation of the photoelectric effect. With the development of modern physics, the concept of dynamic mass has been falsified and abandoned by mainstream physics. Photons only have energy and momentum, no rest mass and no real dynamic mass, which fundamentally negates the theoretical basis of "photon impact on electrons". Based on the falsification of dynamic mass theory, this paper re-derives the real physical mechanism of the photoelectric effect. It clarifies that the photoelectric effect is not electrons ejected by photon impact, but photons completely transfer energy to extranuclear electrons. Electrons gain energy, undergo energy level transition, and break away from the Coulomb constraint of atomic nuclei to escape. Only photons with energy strictly matching the electron energy level can be absorbed; too high or too low energy will not produce an effect. This rule completely negates the impact model. The missing positions after electrons escape are automatically replenished by free electrons in the system to maintain electrical neutrality. This paper retains Einstein's correct energy conservation formula, corrects the errors of his microscopic interaction mechanism, and realizes the improvement and unification of the photoelectric effect theory. Keywords: Photoelectric effect; Einstein; dynamic mass; photon; energy transfer; electron transition and escape; electrical neutrality balance; energy level matching 1.Introduction The correlation law between light frequency and photoelectron kinetic energy revealed by photoelectric effect experiments is an important experimental discovery in modern physics. Einstein's photoelectric effect equation Ek = hν − W0 (Ek is the maximum initial kinetic energy of photoelectrons, hν is photon energy, W0 is metal work function) accurately matches experimental data and won him the Nobel Prize in Physics. The core value and historical status of this theory are indelible. However, in the explanation of physical mechanism, Einstein introduced the concept of dynamic mass to explain the interaction between photons and electrons, analogized photons to classical particles with dynamic mass, and believed that photons transfer momentum and energy to electrons through the impact of massive particles, and then knock electrons out of atoms to form photocurrent. This explanation is an extension of classical particle thinking, but it violates the essential properties of photons. With the improvement of modern physical theory, dynamic mass has been proved to be a periodic cognitive misunderstanding of special relativity and an abandoned physical concept. The photon impact model based on it has lost theoretical support fundamentally. It is urgent to scientifically correct the photoelectric effect mechanism, return to the physical essence, and supplement the system balance logic after electron loss to make the theory more closed.

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