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83、Deduction of Mass Defect and Energy Release Mechanism in Nuclear Fission
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Preprint of CERN doi :10.5281/zenodo.20307904 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20307904 My academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. You may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. Readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by English title or English keywords) to view the full English and Chinese pdf texts. Abstract In the experimental observation of nuclear fission, only four stable solid products—barium, krypton, cesium, and xenon—can be detected stably after the fission of uranium 235, with no other large numbers of new solid particles. Based on this objective fact, the fission of uranium 235 can be divided into three reaction paths: about 65% of fission only involves nuclear structure recombination without mass defect or energy release; 25% of fission occurs as two uranium 235 nuclei paired to form cesium and xenon, which contributes almost all the total mass defect of nuclear fission; the remaining tiny difference can be attributed to experimental statistical error. Based on the Cosmic Cycle Unified Theory, this paper clarifies that matter is composed of elementary particles: the most basic physical units in the universe are protons, neutrons, and electrons; hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium are the primary basic atoms; and other heavy elements are formed by polymerization and evolution in stellar environments. This paper focuses on the microscopic energy release mechanism of nuclear fission without elaborate discussion of cosmic evolution. All the enormous energy and extreme high temperature released by nuclear fission come from gamma photons confined inside particles. Among them, gamma photons stored in electrons have a low energy level, with an intrinsic energy of about 510,000 electron volts and a smaller equivalent mass; protons and neutrons store ultra high energy gamma photons. Only such high energy gamma photons possess sufficient energy level and energy density to produce the extreme high temperature of hundreds of millions of degrees in nuclear explosions, which ordinary rays and low energy photons cannot reach. The word "cage" in this paper is only a popular metaphor to intuitively understand the microscopic confinement effect. Based on experimental observation products, this paper completes the complete deduction of the energy release mechanism of nuclear fission, and the relevant theoretical values can be gradually calibrated and improved in subsequent experiments. Keywords Uranium 235; Nuclear Fission; Fission Products; Mass Defect; Energy Release; Ultra High Energy Gamma Photons; Particle Energy Level Difference; Cosmic Cycle Unified Theory 1 Introduction Since the discovery of nuclear fission, the physics community has confirmed that heavy nuclear fission has significant mass defect. The mass defect is converted into huge nuclear energy according to the mass energy relationship, which is widely used in energy development and related scientific research. Existing studies mostly describe the law of energy release in nuclear fission as a whole, without distinguishing energy sources according to actual fission products, making it difficult to clearly distinguish between simple nuclear recombination and material decomposition energy release. All matter in the universe is composed of three elementary particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The energy levels of gamma photons stored in different particles are obviously different. The intrinsic energy of an electron is only 510,000 electron volts. Constrained by its own energy upper limit, gamma photons confined inside electrons have low energy levels and small equivalent masses, which can only provide basic energy after release and cannot generate ultra high temperatures. Protons and neutrons are the core components of the atomic nucleus, which store ultra high energy gamma photons for a long time as the cosmic primordial high energy carriers. The extreme high temperature of tens of millions to hundreds of millions of degrees generated instantaneously by an atomic bomb explosion cannot be achieved by visible light, X rays, or ordinary low energy gamma photons. Only ultra high energy gamma photons released by protons and neutrons have sufficient energy density and action intensity to form the extreme high temperature environment of nuclear explosion. More importantly, when nuclear fission occurs, the reaction environment does not have the physical conditions to generate high energy gamma photons on site. All released photon energy comes from the intrinsic energy originally stored inside elementary particles. The fission process only breaks the confinement and releases stored energy, rather than creating energy out of nothing.  |
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