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79、On the Essence of Electron Motion Without Fixed Orbits
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Preprint of CERN doi :10.5281/zenodo.20173640 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20173640 My academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. You may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. Readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by English title or English keywords) to view the full English and Chinese pdf texts. Abstract This paper re-examines the mechanism of electron motion inside atoms and the causes of photon radiation and photon absorption, abandoning the inherent cognition of fixed electron orbits and quantum transitions in traditional atomic physics. It clarifies that electrons have no physical fixed orbits; orbits are only imaginary concepts constructed for convenience of description, not objective physical realities. With mass, electrons possess inertia and kinetic energy. Under the three-force equilibrium of Coulomb force, electromagnetic force and inertial effect, electrons naturally move in elliptical trajectories rather than regular circles. When an electron moves along an elliptical trajectory, it naturally passes through low-energy regions near the atomic nucleus and high-energy regions far from the nucleus. This change in position arises entirely from its own inertia, involving only the conversion between kinetic energy and potential energy. The electron neither gains nor loses total energy, so it emits no photons and undergoes no energy-level change. An electron loses total energy when emitting a photon outward, and transitions smoothly and continuously to a lower overall motion range under mechanical equilibrium and inertia. Meanwhile, an electron can also absorb external photons and gain energy; its total energy increases, and it similarly expands smoothly to a higher motion range. Photon energy is indivisible and can only be emitted or absorbed as a complete unit. This is the fundamental reason why atoms show discrete emission and absorption spectra. Electron motion is entirely smooth and continuous; instantaneous quantum transitions assumed in traditional physics do not exist. Based on classical mechanics and energy conservation, this paper unifies the laws of macroscopic celestial bodies and microscopic particles, and reconstructs an atomic motion model closer to the essential nature of physics. Keywords electron motion; no fixed orbit; three-force equilibrium; inertia; elliptical trajectory; kinetic-potential energy conversion; photon radiation; photon absorption; atomic spectrum; quantum transition 1. Introduction Since the 20th century, the Bohr atomic model and subsequent quantum mechanics have established the mainstream paradigm of fixed electron energy levels and instantaneous quantum transitions between orbits to explain discrete atomic spectra. This theory has long been adopted as a standard framework but has obvious limitations: it treats mathematical modeling assumptions as real physical states, artificially separates the universal mechanical laws of macro and micro worlds, and ignores the natural elliptical motion, inertial fluctuation, and symmetric mechanisms of light absorption and emission of particles. As a real microscopic particle with mass, an electron should obey the law of inertia, force balance, and energy conservation. Its motion is neither confined to regular circles nor limited by artificially defined "rail-like" fixed orbits. Traditional theories adhere to rigid orbit assumptions and instantaneous transitions, unnecessarily complicating and abstracting simple physical mechanisms and deviating from objective physical intuition. Therefore, this paper breaks away from the traditional paradigm. Starting from electron properties, three-force equilibrium, elliptical inertial fluctuation, and the two-way mechanism of photon radiation and absorption, it establishes a new interpretation system: no fixed orbits, no quantum transitions, elliptical fluctuation without energy loss, smooth downgrading when emitting photons, and smooth upgrading when absorbing photons. The system is self-consistent and can reasonably explain atomic emission and absorption spectra.  |
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