[交流] 37、The Ultimate Nature of Action-at-a-Distance for the Four Fundamental Forces

Preprint of CERN doi :10.5281/zenodo.19601150 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19601150 My academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. You may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. Readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by English title or English keywords) to view the full English and Chinese pdf texts. Abstract This paper systematically discusses the essential mechanisms of the four fundamental interactions and proposes a chain-transmission and superposition model of galactic gravity to explain the formation and stable structure of the Milky Way’s spiral arms. It is pointed out that the four fundamental forces are all direct, instantaneous, non-propagating, action-at-a-distance interactions arising from the inherent properties of matter, with no intermediate media or force-carrying particles. On the galactic scale, direct gravity still exists between the central object and distant stars, but it is extremely weak due to the long distance and cannot independently maintain the overall galactic structure. The stable formation of spiral arms arises from the overall gravitational field constructed by the step-by-step chain transmission and layer-by-layer superposition of short-range gravity between celestial bodies. Meanwhile, this paper clearly distinguishes the boundary between mathematical calculation and physical reality: it acknowledges the objective computational difficulties in physical problems, and mathematical models can be used as computational tools, but it firmly opposes the construction of fictitious matter and particles through mathematics, adhering to the bottom line of realism in physical research. Keywords: action-at-a-distance; essence of the four forces; chain transmission of gravity; Milky Way spiral arms; gravity superposition; no force-carrying particles; instantaneous interaction; boundary between mathematics and physics 1. Introduction Current physical research exhibits two prominent tendencies: first, over-reliance on mathematical models and numerical simulations, weakening direct examination of physical reality; second, frequent introduction of hypothetical particles and media such as gravitons, gluons, and W/Z bosons to fill theoretical and computational gaps, attempting to explain observational phenomena with fictional structures. The origin of physical laws must return to matter itself, and all interactions should be derived from the inherent properties of matter rather than relying on mathematical constructs or hypothetical particles. Based on this, this paper focuses on real interactions between matter, systematically expounds the action-at-a-distance nature of the four fundamental forces, and establishes a chain-transmission and superposition mechanism of galactic gravity to fully explain the formation and stability of the Milky Way’s spiral arms.

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