[交流] 32、On the Falsification of the Black Hole Singularity Theory and the Essence

Preprint of CERN doi :10.5281/zenodo.19563131 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19563131 My academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. You may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. Readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by English title or English keywords) to view the full English and Chinese pdf texts. Abstract The mainstream black hole theory holds that massive celestial bodies form a singularity with infinitely small volume, infinite density, and infinitely strong gravity after gravitational collapse. This purely mathematically derived picture cannot reasonably explain a series of key observational phenomena such as M87 black hole jets and high-energy gamma-ray radiation. Based on authoritative observational data from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), NASA Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope, and H.E.S.S. Cherenkov Telescope Array, combined with the microscopic physical processes of nuclear fission and atomic bomb explosions, this paper rigorously falsifies the physical reality of the black hole singularity theory. This paper proposes the light-origin cosmic model: all matter in the universe is composed of high-energy photons; under extreme cosmic conditions, photons are confined to form elementary particles such as neutrons, protons, and electrons, which further constitute atoms, molecules, and macroscopic celestial bodies. Gravitational collapse and nuclear fission explosions share the same physical essence—the destruction of the confined structure of matter, releasing the bound high-energy photons to return to their intrinsic form of light. Observations of the M87 black hole show that the jets near the black hole are dominated by high-energy gamma photons. After propagating for thousands of light-years, they cool down and gradually transform into elementary particles such as protons, electrons, and neutrons, which further form hydrogen and helium atoms and nebular matter, providing raw materials for a new generation of stars and planets, and finally forming an infinite cyclic cosmic closed system of light–matter–light. This theory is highly self-consistent with all observational facts, resolves all physical contradictions caused by the singularity hypothesis, and establishes a cosmic matter evolution model that unifies microscopic particle processes and macroscopic celestial evolution. Keywords: black hole; M87 black hole; singularity theory; high-energy gamma photons; black hole jets; light-origin theory; confined state of matter; cosmic matter circulation 1 Introduction Within the framework of general relativity and traditional gravitational theory, a black hole is described as an extreme celestial body with a singularity at its center, which possesses the singular properties of infinitely small volume, infinite density, and infinitely strong gravity. According to this picture, all matter, including light, once entering the black hole horizon, will be completely trapped and unable to escape outward. However, observational results released by international collaborations including the Event Horizon Telescope, Fermi Gamma-ray Telescope, and H.E.S.S. since 2019 show that the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy continuously produces collimated, high-speed, large-scale relativistic jets, and there is intense high-energy gamma-ray radiation inside the jets and around the black hole. These key pieces of evidence directly conflict with the core predictions of singularity theory. From nuclear physics experiments to astrophysical observations, matter follows a unified evolutionary law under extreme conditions: destruction of confined structure → release of binding energy → energy transfer outward in the form of photons. Atomic bomb fission experiments clearly confirm that the core released after nuclear disintegration is high-energy gamma photons, and macroscopic heat is only a secondary effect after photon energy transfer. Extending this microscopic law to the cosmic scale leads to the conclusion: the endpoint of gravitational collapse of massive celestial bodies is not a mathematical singularity, but the complete disintegration of matter structure and the return to the intrinsic state of high-energy photons. Light and matter can transform into each other and evolve cyclically, forming an endless, self-consistent and closed cosmic evolution system. Based on authoritative observations and experimental facts, this paper systematically falsifies the physical reality of the black hole singularity theory, and establishes a unified black hole and celestial evolution model centered on photon confinement–deconfinement, providing a brand-new theoretical framework for understanding gravitational collapse, black hole jets, high-energy radiation, and cosmic matter circulation.

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