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14、The Essence of Kinetic Mass and the Physical Interpretation
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Preprint of CERN doi :10.5281/zenodo.19387328 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19387328 My academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. You may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. Readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by English title or English keywords) to view the full English and Chinese pdf texts. Abstract In traditional teaching and popular accounts of relativity, the difficulty in accelerating high-speed particles is often explained by the statement that the faster the speed, the greater the mass. Although this simplified description is easy to remember, it easily confuses the physical concept of mass and leads learners to mistakenly believe that the total amount of matter increases with velocity. By structurally decomposing the basic formulas of relativistic dynamics and reconstructing their physical meaning, this paper strictly distinguishes between rest mass and the high-speed correction factor as two independent physical quantities. It clearly shows that the rest mass of an object is an inherent fundamental property of matter that does not change with motion; the fundamental reason for the difficulty in accelerating particles at high speeds is the significant increase in the high-speed correction factor with velocity, rather than an increase in rest mass. Based on this interpretation, Newtonian mechanics and relativistic dynamics can be naturally connected and logically unified, returning relativistic laws to a clear, self-consistent, and intuitively understandable physical framework while maintaining theoretical accuracy and rigor. Keywords kinetic mass; rest mass; high-speed correction factor; relativistic dynamics; Newtonian mechanics; physical interpretation 1. Introduction Classical mechanics, centered on Newton’s second law, establishes a deterministic relationship among force, mass, and acceleration: F = m₀×a. Here, mass m₀ is defined as the measure of the amount of matter contained in an object, an inherent property unchanged by motion, position, or applied force. This framework is highly accurate for macroscopic, low-speed phenomena and forms the foundation of engineering and fundamental physics. When the speed of an object approaches the speed of light, predictions from classical mechanics deviate significantly from experimental results, while special relativity accurately describes high-speed motion. During long-term teaching and dissemination, the concept of kinetic mass has been widely used to explain why particles become increasingly difficult to accelerate as they approach the speed of light. However, equating kinetic mass directly with increasing mass causes conceptual confusion: it blurs the boundary between total amount of matter and motion effect, making it hard for learners to grasp the intrinsic continuity between relativity and Newtonian mechanics. Starting from physical essence, this paper reinterprets the formulas of relativistic dynamics, replacing the vague kinetic mass explanation with a high-speed correction factor. Without changing the mathematical form, it clarifies the physical picture, achieves logical self-consistency, and unifies classical mechanics and relativity.  |
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