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7、Derivation of the Real Coefficient of the Mass-Energy Equation
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Preprint of CERN doi :10.5281/zenodo.19379475 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19379475 My academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. You may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. Readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by English title or English keywords) to view the full English and Chinese pdf texts. Abstract The Einstein mass-energy equation E=mc² is a core formula describing the conversion between mass and energy in modern physics, which has been accurately verified by numerous experiments in numerical calculation. However, the traditional theory fails to clarify the physical essence of this formula, explain why the coefficient is exactly the square of the speed of light, or establish a complete theory for the reverse conversion from energy to mass. Based on the high-precision measured data of the rest mass and rest energy of electrons, protons and neutrons, this paper rigorously derives the universal inherent coefficients for the two-way conversion between mass and energy. It is proved that the mass-energy coefficient Ke and the energy-mass coefficient Km are reciprocal to each other, and their values are completely consistent with the square of the speed of light. The research shows that the square of the speed of light is not the internal physical root of mass-energy conversion, but a natural result of the underlying physical laws of the universe. This paper redefines the mass-energy equation and the energy-mass equation, constructs a complete two-way conversion theory, and provides new theoretical support for revealing the homogeneity of mass and energy, the mass-energy cycle and the underlying logic of cosmic physics. Keywords: mass-energy equation; mass-energy coefficient; energy-mass coefficient; two-way mass-energy conversion; mass-energy cycle; square of the speed of light; theoretical physics 1. Introduction The law of mass-energy conversion is the core content of modern physics and cosmic physics research, determining human understanding of the essence of matter, the origin of energy and the fundamental mechanism of cosmic evolution. The mass-energy equation E=mc² proposed by Einstein describes the quantitative relationship between mass and energy in a concise form, which has been widely verified and applied in nuclear physics, astrophysics, particle physics and other fields, becoming one of the cornerstone formulas of modern physics. However, in long-term theoretical research, the traditional theory has never been able to answer from the underlying physical logic: what is the real physical coefficient of mass-energy conversion; why is this coefficient numerically equal to the square of the speed of light; what physical role does the speed of light play in the mass-energy relationship; and how to establish a complete reverse equation for the conversion from energy to mass. Due to these problems, the physical essence of mass-energy conversion has long remained at the level of numerical description, failing to form a complete, self-consistent theoretical system that can explain the underlying logic. In view of the deficiencies of existing theories, based on the high-precision experimental data of microscopic particles, this paper systematically deduces and theoretically explains the real coefficients of mass-energy conversion, redefines the mass-energy equation and the energy-mass equation, clarifies the physical meaning of the square of the speed of light, constructs a more universal theory of two-way mass-energy conversion and cycle, and provides new ideas and theoretical support for deepening the research of mass-energy relationship and improving the underlying laws of cosmic physics.  |
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