[交流] 4、Theoretical Speculation on the Microscopic Mechanism of Metal Melting

Preprint of CERN doi :10.5281/zenodo.19353168 or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19353168 My academic identifier: orcid id: 0009-0005-2185-5790. You may go to the official academic website to retrieve and view relevant research content. Readers may copy this number to search on the official zenodo website (search by English title or English keywords) to view the full English and Chinese pdf texts. Abstract Traditional thermal theory attributes metal melting to the intensified thermal motion of atoms and the destruction of the lattice structure caused by temperature rise. However, this explanation fails to reveal the microscopic carrier of energy absorption, the essential physical origin of atomic thermal motion, and the core mechanism of the sudden instability of the lattice under critical conditions. Focusing on electron energy absorption and the change of effective mass, this paper proposes a new theoretical speculation on the microscopic mechanism of metal melting: external thermal energy is preferentially absorbed by electrons in the form of photons, which significantly increases the energy and effective mass of electrons, thereby exerting strong dynamic disturbance and electromagnetic drag on the atomic nucleus, breaking the internal mechanical equilibrium of atoms and the lattice bonding force between atoms, and finally triggering the transformation from solid state to molten state. This theoretical speculation does not involve specific experimental verification, aiming to provide new ideas and directions for experimental physics research and promote the research on the microscopic mechanism of phase transitions to a deeper level of particle interaction. Keywords: metal melting; microscopic mechanism; electron energy absorption; effective mass; lattice instability; electromagnetic drag effect 1. Introduction Phase transitions between solid, liquid, and gas states under different temperatures and energies are among the most universal and fundamental physical phenomena in nature. As a typical solid-liquid phase transition, the macroscopic laws of metal melting have been confirmed by numerous experiments, but the essential physical nature at the microscopic level has not been fully revealed. Traditional thermal and solid-state physics theories explain melting as the enhancement of atomic thermal vibration due to temperature rise, which eventually exceeds the lattice constraint and disintegrates the long-range ordered structure. Nevertheless, this explanation remains at the atomic scale and cannot answer a series of fundamental scientific questions: which particle first absorbs, transfers, and stores the externally input thermal energy? What is the direct driving force for the intensification of atomic thermal motion? Why does metal undergo a sudden and global phase transition near a specific melting point? As the most active, lightest, and most easily energy-coupled particle in the atomic system, what role does the electron play in metal melting? To address the gaps and deficiencies in existing theories, this paper constructs a new theoretical framework for the microscopic mechanism of metal melting from the perspectives of electron energy absorption, relativistic effective mass growth, and enhanced electron-nucleus interactions. This theory emphasizes the dominant role of electrons in energy absorption and structural instability, attempts to remedy the explanatory defects of traditional theories at the particle scale, provides a new theoretical perspective for metal melting, solid-liquid phase transition, thermally induced structural instability, and offers testable directions and predictions for future experimental physics research.

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