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[交流] Catalytic Appel fluorination of alcohols with potassium fluoride

Catalytic Appel fluorination of alcohols with potassium fluoride

氟化钾催化Appel反应实现醇的氟化

▲ 作者:ANIRBAN MONDAL, JOB J. C. STRUIJS, CALEB J. N. DOYLE, ZIJUN CHEN, ZIAN WANG, WORAWIT TANGAMORNCHAIPATTANA, CHRISTOPHE ALLAIS, PAUL F. RICHARDSON, JARED PIPER, AND VéRONIQUE GOUVERNEUR

▲链接:

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aec6298

▲摘要:

Appel卤化反应广泛用于将醇转化为烷基卤化物,但不适用于制备烷基氟化物,因为氟会被二氟鏻烷螯合而无法参与反应。

研究者引入了可在空气中稳定存放的新戊氧基鏻盐来解决这一长期存在的挑战。利用这些试剂,多种醇可在氢键相转移催化条件下与氟化钾发生氟化反应,该反应模式为实现醇的对映选择性氟化提供了一条途径。

其机理是:首先形成新戊氧基氟鏻烷,该中间体倾向于与醇底物发生可逆交换,而非生成二氟鏻烷。

催化剂有助于氟化钾的溶解以及磷–氟键的解离,从而使烷氧基鏻氟离子对发生构型翻转的氟化反应。催化循环的周转源于催化剂对氟离子的结合强于对氧化膦(反应的副产物)的结合,而氧化膦可作为合成鏻试剂的起始原料进行回收利用。

▲ Abstract:

Appel halogenation reactions are widely used to convert alcohols to alkyl halides but are not suitable to prepare alkyl fluorides because fluoride is sequestered as a difluorophosphorane. In this work, we introduce bench-stable neopentoxyphosphonium salts to solve this enduring challenge. With these reagents, various alcohols undergo fluorination with potassium fluoride under hydrogen bonding phase-transfer catalysis, a manifold offering a pathway to enantioselective fluorination of alcohols. Mechanistically, a neopentoxyfluorophosphorane is formed, which undergoes reversible exchange with the alcohol substrate in preference to difluorophosphorane formation. The catalyst assists with potassium fluoride solubilization and with phosphorus–fluorine bond dissociation, leading to the alkoxyphosphonium fluoride ion pair undergoing stereoinvertive fluorination. Turnover results from stronger binding of the catalyst to fluoride than phosphine oxide, the by-product of the reaction, which is recyclable as starting material for the synthesis of the phosphonium reagents.
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